Hospital Marketing in North Shore University Hospital

Being one of the foundations of the system of health care, New York’s North Shore University Hospital (NSUH) is identified for its 2,700 health specialists, approximately 730 beds facilitated by 10,500 nurses—the biggest in Long Island.   With a yearly operating budget amounting to roughly $4 billion, NSUH is the country’s third-largest, secular and non-profit hospital. With an interview with Theresa Howard, assistant for the hospital’s marketing department, she discussed how North Shore University Hospital came to be a competitive health care provider. Bautista: What was inside NSUH before in terms of marketing? Howard: NSUH functioned similar to an in-house provider, satisfied with satisfying interior requirements and conversing with the staffs, doctors and patients.   They didn’t put forth enough attempt to endorse their hospital, certain with idea of being unwavering.   They didn’t even have marketing memorandum that plays when clients or callers calls and when they are put into hold. Bautista: When did NSUH realized that they have to advertise? Howard: That’s when contenders become present and they discovered that the patients were not opening the doors like in previous years and realized that the revenues started to decline.   They never realized this till they understood the consequences.   Time changes and man chooses all the best for him.   They choose the best hospital that would offer the best services they could. Bautista: What were the primary steps they did upon seeing the problem? Howard: They automatically hired me and my partner Christine Malcolm to think strategies that will get back the sympathy of their clients and will boost the image of the hospital.   We didn’t do anything new; it’s just that it was new for NSUH.   We built a strong strategic program and development through financial models, convincing NSUH that they need to exert effort because NSUH was not doing well in terms of revenues.   NSUH has to cut its budget and risk for marketing. Then after convincing them, we hired Storandt Pann Margolis advertising agency and began to work with marketing planning, doing interviews, and developing the budget for the year 2003.   We made advertising campaigns including commercials wit televisions and radios, website and different kinds of strategies to catch attentions.   We even proposed to change the name of NSUH.   We also conducted our first mass-marketing campaign.   .   We also redesigned the website for guide consultations for physicians and also for additional ad campaigns.   We even include call centers and advertising agents. Bautista: After such effort you’ve done, what were the results? Howard: Finally, campaign was launched in October 2003, using the different kind of media.   They didn’t used actors in the ads, but instead, put up the actual interview with the doctors, staffs, nurses, researchers with regards to what they does to improve and deliver their quality service.   The result after several weeks, there’s an increase of volume in the referral line in the redesigned website.   From the fourth  top-mind surveys, NSUH went up to 3rd.   The have been also an increased of admission to 2-3 percent from the last year’s record.   This campaign had also returned profit which they have loss for the last years.   They got a profit of $6.5 M, which was truly a big improvement.   Revenues increased to 9 percent as a result of an effective marketing. This has shown the relevance of having marketing plans.   With the highly competitive time, we need to create strategic plans in order to establish a stable business.   Furthermore, having marketing plan doesn’t just strengthen the stability of a certain company, but instead, also benefits the consumers with regards to good the opportunities they’ll receive upon choosing one. References: Michele Howard, vice president for marketing department of NSUH University Medical Center. http://www.strategichealthcare.com/pubs/shcm/f2_MarketShare_print.php: August  11, 2007

Campaign Threats or Implied Promise of Benefits

Did the employer statements constitute an unlawful threat or an unlawful promise in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the LMRA? Why or why not? Yes, the employer statements were unlawful. The NLRA guaranteed workers the right to join unions without fear of management reprisal. It created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to enforce this right and prohibited employers from committing unfair labor practices that might discourage organizing or prevent workers from negotiating a union contract. Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid and protection. Section 8 defines employer unfair labor practices. Employer interference, restraint, or coercion directed against union or collective activity (Section 8(a)(1)), was violated in this case study. Threats, warnings, and orders to refrain from protected activities are forms of interference and coercion that violate Section 8(a)(1). Section 8 also prohibits union unfair labor practices, which include, according to legal construction, failure to provide fair representation to all members of the bargaining unit. The NLRA sets out general rights and obligation. Enforcing the Act in particular situations is the job of the NLRB. Did the questioning or statements by either supervisor Bates or Lofton constitute unlawful interrogation in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the LMRA? Explain fully why or why not. As mentioned in the first question, yes it was unlawful interrogation. These supervisors were desperately trying to get the employees to vote against the union. In the event that they were successful at having all of their employees to vote against the union, some of them may have been unhappy and treated unfairly. Without representation, an employee will lose most battles against companies, unless they have solid proof of the employer’s wrongdoing. In the case I notice how the supervisors both told employees about the reduction in their benefits. They were trying to use scare tactics because they know people need their benefits. The supervisors seem to want to make these promising decisions when in fact they should have been offering these things to the employees in the first place. It doesn’t make sense to try to make things better to keep from getting the union involved. The plant manager was trying to convince the employees that they are able to handle things without the union getting involved. The manager tried to say that the unions are known for making broken promises, but it seems as if that is what the employer was doing. Develop a set of guidelines for supervisors and managers to follow when speaking to employees during a union organizing campaign. Employers should not threaten employees during an organizing campaign, but economic predictions regarding matters outside of the employer’s control, which are demonstrable, may be made. The employer should refrain from inflaming racial hatred. They should listen to what the employee has to say and advise them that they are able to speak with anyone on the management staff without union representation. They should advise the employees of the benefits that they are currently enjoying; however there is no need to make a threat to take away any benefits or reduce the cost. In the event that an employee is being insubordinate, they will need to continue to follow company’s policies and guidelines; however they will need to make sure they have sufficient evidence to support their decision. The NLRB prohibits employers from holding captive audience meetings 24 hours prior to the election, because insufficient time will exist for the union to respond; therefore if they decide to hold a meeting it will have to be within reasonable times. There should be a social media policy in place and such policy should be clear and understandable to the average employee. The NLRB’s rulings have in large part turned on the ambiguities of social media policies, and the possibility that employees may misunderstand the policies to bar protected activities. A social media policy must not be overbroad. Policies should be narrowly drawn to address the employer’s legitimate policy objectives (for example, preventing the disclosure of the company’s proprietary information via social media or restricting the use of social media to engage in harassing conduct that would violate the company’s anti-discrimination and harassment policies). Employers will not like what the unions are trying to do, but this does not give them the right to talk down on the unions. When employers talk to employees during a union organizing campaign, they will need to be mindful of what they are saying. Sometimes people talk too much and a supervisor or manager could cause an employer to have a lawsuit. Within the guidelines, I suggest the managers and supervisors to keep their negative thoughts to themselves. This will eliminate someone saying the wrong thing and will allow the employees to make a valid decision based on their own thoughts and opinions. Explain fully how the NLRB should rule in this case and why. The NLRB should rule that the employer is in violation because of the things the supervisors said. This may not be the first time or maybe it is; however it should not go unnoticed and that is what some would like to see. In this case, the employees are being threatened about their benefits and wages. They are also making it seem as if they don’t need a union, when in fact they seem to really need someone there to represent the employees. The company also threatened two of the union supporters. When the supervisor advised that if they strike, there are more people waiting for their jobs; apparently that supervisor is not aware of the employee rights with the union behind them. The employer has to hold their jobs when they go on strike.

Ethical Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Case Study - Essay Example Deontological principles focus on the concept of duty rather than any concept of right or wrong. With reference to the case, there are two types of deontological ethical theories, duty theories and rights theories. Duty theories purport an action as being morally right if it is in accord with some list of obligation and duties. Right theories is an action is morally right if it is adequately respects the right of all humans. Conversely, the two types of consequential ethical theories that are related to the case study include utilitarianism and ethical egoism. Utilitarianism states that people are driven by their fears and interests. However, their interests supersede their fears. A group of people can pursue their happiness while hurting others. Ethical egoism is a consequential theory that prescribes action that can either be beneficial or detrimental to the welfare of others. The deontological ethical theory, duty theory was not implemented by J.L mother. Despite the fact that, sh e is a nurse in the same hospital that J.L went to seek treatment, she could have respected the patient bill of rights. When J. L was in the emergency room, her mother could have given her privacy. The staff assumed that the mother wanted to stay even without seeking the patients’ permission. The duties of a nurse are to practice confidentiality with a patient. This clearly shows that her rights are being violated with respect to the rights theories. The nurses should have done the necessary tests to rule out a possibility of appendicitis. The nurse delays her treatment for about two hours, dishonoring their professional code of ethics that advocates for proper full attention towards a patient’s illness. Due to a lost specimen, the nurses decided on a pelvic exam that was traumatic to the patient. This is also seen as a violation of her rights. The reports indicating that the patient was uncooperative depicted that the moral rights of the nurse were not followed. The p regnant test done against J.L permission was also not a morally ethical act. After undergoing such an ordeal, the nurses did not recommend any form of treatment. This was a violation of the nursing code of ethics. The nurses were focused on the concept of duty rather than any concept of right or wrong (Marcum, 2010). If the consequential theory, which determines the rightness or the wrongness in any action were used in this scenario, J. L would have received better kind of treatment. J.L mother should have helped her daughter in the application and given her bill of rights to read. Confidentiality is an imperative issue especially when it is concerns with some ones health. The staff that was treating J.L should have examined her alone. Utilitarianism was clearly implemented as the nurse conducted a pregnancy test on a patient without his approval (Pozgar, 2007). They conducted this test on the notion that many underage girls have â€Å"immaculate conceptions† on the event the y report abdominal pains. Ethical egoism could have been implemented on the event J.L did not tell her mother the diagnosis of her abdominal pain. Since, she is a nurse at that hospital; she would have easily accessed that information. The delay in the examination and lack of any remedy for the pain by the medical staff supports the

Nicaragua's vampire problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nicaragua's vampire problem - Essay Example Killing vampire bats is a vicious chain of never-ending diseases because of the variety of bats both harmful and beneficial. Rogers masterfully explains the confusion caused by these vampire bats by first dealing with the problem caused by these bats in the poor town of Nicaragua. He reveals how people are scandalized by the presence of these bats and how eventually the bats are killed and wiped off from the community altogether. Here Roger introduces a method of awareness by telling his readers that there are beneficial bats as well who take care of humans as they are involved in consuming insects, leading to pollination of flowers and lead to increase in forestation by throwing the seeds at different points. As opposed to the vampire bats, these bats do not transmit rabies. Roger employs another method to introduce his main purpose of the article. He informs the readers that in the process of killing all the bats, one neglects the fact that mosquito bites are even more deadly as they cause dengue fever. Killing beneficial bats hence increases the risk of another noxious disease. According to Roger the death of the various species of bats is not a positive sign. He chooses to inform the readers of this negligence in a roundabout manner so that they understand the gravity of the

Music paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Music paper - Essay Example Among the songs that were performed are â€Å"Both Sides Now,† â€Å"I Don’t Know Where I Stand,† and â€Å"Big Yellow Taxi.† Joni Mitchell is actually Roberta Joan Anderson in real life. She is a Canadian who started her career as a folk singer but later adapted other styles such as jazz and pop. Her influence was mainly derived from jazz artists such as Charles Hancock and Herbie Minugus according to the Encyclopedia of Jazz Musicians. What made Joni Mitchell popular is her guitar style that is really refreshing. Technically, most of the songs can be considered homophonic which was given due justice by the deep vocals of Judy Coe. It was like hearing Joni Mitchell herself when you close your eyes. The blending of the instruments were really harmonious but the guitar really stood out as an accompaniment. Over-all, the tone was really easy and light which made the listeners sentimental and relaxed characteristics songs in that genre. After the concert, everybody felt better and happy including

Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Narrative - Essay Example I was however born with a rebellious streak and this made me meet my male friends at a place, the rock-side park that we had designated for this purpose. (Appositive) It was peaceful, cheerful and had a wonderful scent to it, and my only goal at the time was to change people’s mindsets, despite being so young, with regard to accepting the fact that girls and boys can be friends. Soon, among all my friends, I grew to have a close bond with Ali. Ali and I grew to be very attached to each other as we would always play together and go for walks. I shared every thought with him and both of us were teased by all our other friends. â€Å"You both are going to end up getting married one day!† one of them would remark. â€Å"And then you will have little babies to play with!† another would add childishly. Ali and I always laughed these taunts off because at the time we did not understand the concept of marriage. We would often walk to the candy store, team up in games together and share our problems and achievements with each other. As time passed, our relationship grew into a very strong bond of friendship that no one could break. Ali was always protective of me and watched out for me. We stuck to each other during the good and the bad times and grew to become extremely fond of each other. While playing games, Ali and I would always side together in teams and defeat the others. Our friends would always tell us, â€Å"Both of you make an excellent pair!† Soon though, my family, including myself, relocated to the United States of America, and at that time, I was apprehensive of the relationship that shared with Ali. Till the time that we were together, things were good for us however, we had never given any thought to what life would be like without the other person around. We did not realise that we had grown so close to each other that it was impossible to spend some time apart.

Compare and contrast the marketing strategies of two major brands, Essay

Compare and contrast the marketing strategies of two major brands, Apple and Samsung - Essay Example ke Apple to continuously come up with products such as iPhone, iPad, Macbook etc, that are popular among consumer segments (Ferral and Hartline 2012, 1). The uncertainty of the external environment provides greater motivation for a company, particularly ones operating in the high-tech electronic industry, to continuously innovate and develop high quality products. Development of marketing strategy enables evaluation of a company’s strengths and in turn allows an organization to capitalize on its strengths thereby providing a competitive advantage. Apple and Samsung, both virtually operating the same industry, employ their marketing strategy to survive the competition in the companies’ macro-environment. Availability of resources is an important aspect of marketing strategy for organizations operating in the electronics industry (Viardot 2004, 196). The fast-paced environment in the digital world necessitates the presence of ample amounts of resources in order to keep the technology updated. For Apple, continuous innovation in technology and the need to develop popular consumer products requires large amounts of both, human resource as well as capital for research and development (R&D). Such availability is vital to a brand’s image, particularly ones that deal in high-tech goods and services. Same is the case with Samsung where effective marketing strategy has allowed it to move its reputation to a premium electronics brand that has grown its market share tremendously. All aspects of marketing strategy including pricing, distribution, etc, play a central role in the delivery of consumer satisfaction with the product (Chang 2011). Marketing strategy altogether acts to provide consumers with a superior user experience. Today’s electronics industry is increasingly dynamic and the development of effective strategies and marketing plans are important for the success of organizations that operate in the growingly competitive environment. Speaking about Apple

Professionel development 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professionel development 2 - Coursework Example e once remarked â€Å"nursing is an art: and if it is to be made an art, it requires an exclusive devotion as hard a preparation, as any painter’s or sculptor’s work; for what is the having to do with dead canvas or dead marble, compared with having to do with the living body, the temple of God’s spirit?† (Nightingale, as cited by Evans, 2013) Nursing colleges the world over are instilling these qualities of devotion and preparing young people in the art of nursing. The difference between these lies in their size, as well as in the funding they get that directly results in the faculty and amount of research facilities they can afford. The Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing has expanded substantially in the thirty years of its existence. The guiding philosophy of the Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing is caring. This philosophy defines the way they teach, learn and practice nursing as well as how they interact with others in their day to day lives. The pictorially depicted dance of caring persons that greets people on the floor of the lobby of the college campus is a symbol of the contribution of every member of the college to the cause of nursing. The college defines nursing as nurturing the wholeness of person and setting through caring. It offers a supportive environment in which contributions of faculty and students are valued and respected, ensuring in the process that learning is assimilated into a cohesive knowledge base. Its vision is a world where caring is the fulcrum of health care. On the other hand the College of nursing at the University of Illinois at Chicago declares that it is an institution that encourages a spirit of leadership and research to find answers to todays most perplexing healthcare problems. The university first admitted students to the school of nursing that led to a bachelor’s degree in 1954. Today it is considered one of the finest nursing colleges in the country. The college aims to educate future leaders in the field

Math Report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Math - Lab Report Example The fact that these environments are less understood drivers the need to use observations, understand them and predict the future. Such efforts mostly involve intuition, but often involving examining existing similarities between them and other known and well understood situations. Mathematical modelling defines the system using mathematical language and concepts to describe its behaviour (Berry and Houston 2-3). The major application is in engineering and natural sciences disciplines, physicists, and computer science among others. Consequently, the use of mathematical models represent crucial elements of the presented system, thus presenting the usable form of knowledge for that system. For instance, modelling â€Å"the greenhouse effect† offers the best way to predict future conditions or situations on earth such as extent of carbon monoxide or temperatures. In this report, mathematical models are used to consume real-world data to formulate models that are analysed real world situations to offer conclusions, which after interpretation offer predictions or explanation for any system (Berry and Houston 3). Furthermore, mathematical models offer a means of solving math problems, and representing the association between any two or more variables and that are fundamental to a given problem or situation. This paper evaluates the concept of mathematical modelling in terms of differential equations. The concept is applicable because the variables analysed in the report are continuous, thus varying subject to other continuous variables. In this case, differential equations offer the rate of change of dependent variables subject to independent ones. Since the system is not limited to having only one independent variable, the mathematical model attained from the hypothesis is that which offers a model in terms of leading or advanced order ordinary differential equations of the system. Furthermore, mathematical models normally define a system that needs to

Sliding Filament Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sliding Filament Theory - Essay Example Surrounding the whole muscle is a layer of connective tissue, epimysium that encloses the individual fascicules together. The individual muscle fibers are made up of filamentous bundles that run along the length of the fiber. Most of the interior of the fibre consists of the protein filaments which constitute the contractile apparatus, grouped together in bundles called myofibrils. Each myofibril consists of a repeating unit, known as a sarcomere. The alignment of the sarcomeres between adjacent muscle fibers is responsible for the characteristic striations in the striated skeletal muscle fibers. The sarcomere is the fundamental contractile unit of the skeletal muscles. When a muscle fiber is viewed by polarized light, the sarcomeres are seen as alternating dark and light zones. Some regions appear dark because they refract the polarized light. This property is called anisotropy, and the corresponding band is known as an A band. The light regions do not refract polarized light and ar e called isotropic and are denoted as I bands. Each I band is divided by a characteristic line known as a Z line, and the unit between successive Z lines is the sarcomere [1]. Under electron microscopic examination with high magnification, the A bands are seen to be composed of thick filaments arranged in a regular order. The I bands consist of thin filaments. When the muscle is in the resting state, that is, when there is no shortening of the fibers due to contraction, a pale area can be seen in the center of the A band. This is known as the H zone, and it corresponds to the region where the thick and thin filaments do not overlap, which otherwise is the case throughout the muscle fiber architecture. In the center of each H zone, there is a line called M line. It is in this line, links are formed between adjacent thick filaments. The principal protein of the A bands is myosin, while that of I bands is actin. The interaction between these proteins is fundamental to the contractile process in the skeletal muscle at the ultrastructural and molecular levels. There are two types of actin filaments. One is globular in shape, known as globular or G actin subuni ts, and the other is filamentous of F actin. The actin filaments of the I band are made by joining many G actin subunits together by polymerization to form F actin. The F actin, in turn, is stabilized by binding to the Z line. The thick filaments are made up of an assembly of myosin molecules together. Each myosin molecule consists of two heavy chains. Each of these heavy chains has two light chains associated with a head region that is globular. The junction between the head region and the long tail contains a hinge. This hinge allows the myosin to generate the force required for muscle contraction. The tail regions of the myosin molecules associate together to form the thick filaments. Each thick filament consists of several hundred myosin molecules [2]. The sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction, and the structure of skeletal muscle provides important clues to the mechanism of contraction. The width of the A bands or thick filament areas in striated muscle remains constant, regardless of the length of the entire muscle fiber, while the width of the I bands or the thin-filament areas varies

The Path To Industrial Growth Within China & India Essay Example for Free

The Path To Industrial Growth Within China India Essay Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC’s) have become increasingly industrially robust. As a result, it can be argued that NIC’s have used a set of economic requisites to achieve success in the 20th century. Selected countries in this grouping have realized newfound industrialization as the result of their political governing approach and have applied the same political development policies towards international involvement but it is not a necessity for industrialization. Using NIC’s China and India as leading examples, this essay will deliberate that there are specific economic requisites required by NIC’s for prosperity, but that liberal democracy, or any other governing form, is not a political requisite for NIC’s. China and India are the top NIC’s in term of GDP and GDP growth (OECD, 2012). They also possess the two largest populations in the world. They are considered newly industrialized countries because they both have experienced extensive growth in GDP every year since 1980’s (China almost reached a 10% annual growth in the last decade) (OECD, 2012). Both countries govern using different political systems. During its post-colonial era, India’s rule has been based on liberal democracy for the most part. China on the other hand is a single party-state currently governed by the Communist Party of China. While their political ideology is different, these two countries have been able to find prosperity using similar economic requisites that has allowed them to adapt to the rise of an interactive global economy. The adaption to the global economy for India and China, who were once known for their agricultural production, is their recognition that they hold interest for corporations in developed countries due to their cheap labor and growing consumer markets. By liberalizing their trade agreements and encouraging foreign investment, they have become a favored center of outsourcing for Western corporations. Foreign Investments†¦. Within this section, an analysis on the history of high economic development period of India and China will properly outline the requisites required in the industry. Newly industrialized countries like India and China have spiked a high interest developed countries corporations in terms of foreign investment. During the 19th century, they received a flood of foreign investment brought on by the opening of a previously closed economy in both states. This was perfectly timed as developed countries were encouraged to pursue and support their export capacity (McCormick, 2007). India and China both possess vast populations that help to support consumerist interest of trans corporations within the states as well. More specifically, the Chinese and Indians are also a source of inexpensive labor, making these two countries a prime target for investment, particularly in the manufacturing sector. Cutting out competitive wages and union issues, corporations are able to exploit China and India f or cheap labor through sweatshops, resulting in greater manufacturing output. This translates into lower priced goods, thus resulting in an increase of consumerism in industrialized countries. This has created an abundance of investment from developed and developing countries, allowing China and India to thrive from the benefits of foreign interests (McCormick, 2007). For the first time, foreign direct investment in China within the first six months of 2012 surpassed that of the United States, seeing an in flow of $59.1 billion US (for China) compared to $57.4 billion US (for US)(OECD, 2012). In 2011, the United States also led the world in foreign direct investment outflows (i.e., investment in other countries such as India and China), spending $419 billion (OECD, 2012). This achievement is monumental as for the last century the United States has dominated global foreign investment because of their seemingly essential presence in multilateral trade agreements and investment (Ikenberry, 2008). Outsourcing†¦ During the 20-th century, the level of foreign investment in these two NIC’s was accompanied with a high-level of increase in outsourcing. A majority of corporations from liberal democracies found it substantially more efficient and profitable, with the advances in technology, to invest overseas and reduce employment within their own country. Why pay employees more at home when it is possible to â€Å"source† it â€Å"out† to countries that have little regulation? The net benefit is reduced costs. In 2011, the United States outsourced 2, 273, 292 jobs, with the top three locations being India, Indonesia, and China (OECD, 2012). It’s nothing new for developed liberal democracies but when jobs created within the country are fewer than ones exported, it can cause political strife for leaders if it becomes common knowledge. In Lisa DiCarlo article for Forbes Magazine, Politics of Outsourcing, she points out that outsourcing has become a fairly â€Å"hot-button† politically during the United States election campaigns, with various politicians promising tax incentives for companies to keep jobs within the country (DiCarlo, 2004). Outsourcing has led to a substantial boom in exports and job creation for newly industrialized countries. India and China are formidable manufacturing powers, and can meet the high demands of various goods-producing investors. Much has changed. NIC’s were once limited to low-profit exports that were often single resource-based with high-profit goods being manufactured and assembled within developed countries. China has adapted to the new global economic reality by forming urban labor pools that can respond to increasingly sophistical array of manufacturing needs of investors (Schneider, 2009). This has traditionally recognized as the production of rather unimportant material goods, such as the production of low-cost furniture and clothes. In addition to these goods, however, the emergence of technology has created an increase in the variety and volume of high-priced manufactured products now produced by NIC’s (McCormick, 2007). Within NICs, these tactics have resulted in the upward surge of the GDP and significant industrial production in comparison to other global economies. The Economist reported that in 2004, noticeable NIC’s Venezuela, Indonesia, and Argentina, have doubled (in some cases tripled) the GDP % growth of liberal democracies (McCormick, 2007). The same is true with industrial production, where the only liberal democracy that measures up with NIC’s is Austria. So where did this begin? Trade liberalization is one of the main roots to this growing global trade money tree. The economic progression that China and India have witnessed within the past couple of decades is associated to their commitment of opening up to global trade. In the past 20 years, there has been a growth in world trade that is averaging six percent a year (IMF, 2001). Trade plays an essential part in these countries’ economic growth, and can be traced back to the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade in 1947. The GATT created a world-trading system that has allowed countries to participate in multilateral trade agreements and resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organization. Developing countries play a significant role, accounting for one-third of the world trade. The International Monetary Fund also reported that 40% of developing countries exports go towards other developing countries (IMF, 2001). In the past 20 years, East Asia (including India and China) has seen its average import tariff lowered from 30% to 10% (IMF, 2001). Trade liberalization is key in the conversion of once poor agriculture export-based countries that have adapted to the manufacturing export-led economies, as referenced above. Developed nations have a demand to keep farmers employed domestically, negatively affecting international agricultural trade. To protect local farmers, agriculture remains one of the most heavily tariffed trades good for industrialized countries (over 15%) along side the high subsidies put in place for the agriculture sector (IMF, 2001). For example, the European Commission is spending $2.7 billion euro per year making sugar profitable for European farmers, a protectionist measure, at the same time that it is shutting out low-cost imports of tropical sugar (IMF, 2001). These economic adaptations toward the global market, in a world that is moving towards rapid globalization patterns, are essential for developing countries to thrive and, in some cases, become dominant powers. The steps outlined are not only used by India and China, but a vast majority of NIC’s that are seeing exponential growth. There is no doubt that this increase in national capitol has caused a change to the domestic lifestyle of the population in India and China. Quality of life will change significantly with increased capitol available for schools, roads, and hospitals. There will also be a surge in spending on transport and other infrastructure to provide support for the influx of urbanization that NIC’s tend to experience when dealing with the shift employment from agriculture to manufacturing (McCormick, 2007). However, these changes will only be applied if bureaucracy is run efficiently and effectively with little corruption and incompetence. This leads to the argument that different political systems can reach the same success as long as they are able to successfully implement their capitol through bureaucracies. This is why there is not necessarily any set political requisites in terms of a governing system, as justified by the differentiation between India and China. The following section will expand on this argument in addition into delving deeper into urbanization and bureaucracy issues. Political†¦ The political-development model for international participation for China and India has evolved over the past decades. There has been a strong shift from socialist policies that encourage state-ownership, extensive regulation and a closed economy to an adopted capitalist-development model. This new model supports the characteristics of open-market economy, free trade with numerous states, and an expanding role of the state within the global trade market (McCormick, 2007). It emphasizes the need for globalization in order to prosper off of the transnational and international institutes in place. This is put in motion by implementing policies that loosen international trade policies in order to allow trade liberalization between states, which as mentioned above plays a huge factor in how they are able to prosper. Historically the capitalist model is associated with strong political leaders that can use their governing system to achieve increased social freedoms and civil rights within the state, prioritizing on the improvement of the standard of living within the state, and the promotion of expansion and growth of urban centers (McCormick, 2007). However this is not essential in for economic prosperity, although encouraged, but some of these aspects will naturally occur with the implementation of the model. An urban growth from 17% in 1971 to 28% in 2001 was experienced in India, a country recognized as having high rural populations (Datta, 2006). India was slower at adapting economic liberalization than China but purged the socialist-inspired policies that are widespread among lower developed countries. Using the capitalist development model in reference to trade and foreign investment is a requisite for newly industrialized countries in terms of policy. China, who started its economic reforms in 1978, emerged internationally by radically changing its urban landscape and encouraging migration to large cities. Approximately half of their population is located in urban areas with a projected 70% of Chinese living in cities in 2035 (United Nations, 2011). Political-development myths about the need for social freedoms, civil rights and higher standard of living within state associated with the growth of NIC’s is contradicted by the governing seen within China (Schneider, 2009). Although China might possess the highest level of GDP in the world thanks to its economic reforms, it still reports a high level of human rights violations. It is a country that is run by a government that believes in economic freedom for international and domestic success but this does not translate in political freedoms (Schneider, 2009). This has been criticized by the United States, who believed that partial democratic reform would ensue with the liberalization of the Chinese economy. Within India, political freedoms are intact given its practices liberal democracy. However, the living standard suffers as the result of government inefficiency (Datta, 2006). The two states have the leading numbers in population and GDP growth but their living standards are not equal. China possesses a Gini coefficient of 48 in 2009 while India ‘s was only 36.8 (CIA Factbook, 2010). This demonstrates that even if most NIC’s tend to adopt liberal democracies in order to prosper from relations with other democracies and increased support from populations, it is not necessarily essential, meaning not a requisite. China has demonstrated its mercantilism market through their communist government is a suitable replacement, possibly a more efficient according to some due to their superpower role, depending on one’s view of human liberties. The key notion of these growths is that they are new. China at the start of this growth had little requirement from their people towards government but as they grow and industrialize they will see a rise from the middle class and this will possibly increase the demand for more liberal practices. There is no guarantee that the existing Chinese government will be able to sustain their one party rule and iron-grip on human rights, especially with continued international pressure from powerful states such as the United States (Ikenberry, 2008). This is, however, is one of several possible situations that NIC’s could be faced with. The present world is an ever-changing place that has wide-arrangements of uncertainties from economic upheavals and huge debts that could cause primary investors, such as Canada and the United States, to crash at a moments notice. This would cause repercussions for any NIC’s including shifts in outsourcing from primary investors in order to reestablish domestically. These are all uncertainties that face the NIC’s in the 21st century, but as for now, if they stick to their current practices they will keep growing. There are sets of economic requisites that have attributed to the success in industrialization of NIC’s and soon there will be some that are left behind with the adoption of new requisites to keep pace with the ever-changing global market. As for political requisites, I don’t believe in one governing system dictating the growth of a state but that the belief that a certain few systems can make the transition of lower developed country to newly industrialized country an easier task. Within this century, there will be a radical shift of powers in the world and one can predict that NIC’s will play major roles thanks to following set requisites and adapting to the global economy. References: DiCarlo, L. (2004, February 18). Politics of outsourcing .Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/2004/02/18/cx_ld_0218outsourcing.html OECD. (2012, October ). Fdi in figures. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/daf/internationalinvestment/investmentstatisticsandanalysis/FDI in figures.pdf IMF. (2001, November). Global trade liberalization and the developing countries. Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm Datta, P. (2006). Urbanization in india. Population Studies Unit, Retrieved from http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc200 CIA Factbook. (2010). Gini index. Retrieved fromhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html United Nations. (2011). Department of economic and social affairs urban populations. Retrieved from http://esa.un.org/unup/Wallcharts/urban-rural-areas.pdf Ikenberry, G. (2008). The Rise of China and the Future of the West. Foreign Affairs. Schneider, A. (2009) Ignorance is not Bliss: The Importance of Understanding Chinese Culture for Foreign Policy. Tulane University :1- 15 McCormick, J. (2007). Comparative politics in transition. (5th ed.). Canada: The Thomson Corporation.

HR Issues in Google Inc Essay Example for Free

HR Issues in Google Inc Essay 26 March 2009, 200 Layoffs â€Å"So today we have informed Googlers that we plan to reduce the number of roles within our sales and marketing organizations by just under 200 globally. The recession makes the timing even more difficult for the Googlers concerned. We had to restructure our organizations in order to improve our effectiveness and efficiency as a business. We will give each person time to try and find another position at Google, as well as outplacement support, and provide severance packages for those who leave the company. Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone affected for all they have contributed to Google. † * Omid Kordestani, Senior VP, Global Sales and Business Development (2009) From this article, google would cut 200 would cut about 200 employees from its sales and marketing organization. It would reduce the overlap between different groups and speed up decision making. Omid Kordestani, Senior VP, Global Sales and Business Development said, the cut meant to address the mistakes that the company had done before. In some areas we’ve created overlapping organizations which not only duplicate effort but also complicate the decision-making process,† Mr. Kordestani wrote on Google’s corporate blog. â€Å"That makes our teams less effective and efficient than they should be. In addition, we over-invested in some areas in preparation for the growth trends we were experiencing at the time. † 4 January 2009, 100 Layoffs â€Å"Given the state of the economy, we recognized that we needed fewer people focused on hiring e need to go further and reduce the overall size of our recruiting organization by approximately 100 positions. We know this change will be very difficult for the people concerned, and we hope that many of them will be able to find new roles at Google. They helped build this company, new hire by new hire, and we are enormously grateful for everything they have done. † * Laszlo Bock, Vice President, People Operations (2009 In January, google laid off 100 recruiters which is that deeper cuts were â€Å"unlikely†. In February, company cut another 40 positions when it closed its radio advertising efforts. About 100 of the eliminated positions will be in the United States and the rest overseas, said Matt Furman, a Google spokesman. Mr. Furman said the company continued to hire new workers, albeit at a slow rate. In the fourth quarter of 2008, the company grew by 99 workers, ending the year with 20,222 full-time employees. In previous years, Google had added more than 2,000 people in a single quarter. Laid-off workers will be given time to apply for other jobs within the company. How a Giant Company Aims to Remain Intimate. Google have a good track record in management. It routinely ranks first or near the top in â€Å"best places to work† reports. Google’s value proposition as an employer combines a laser focus on innovation and smart business practices with a small-company feel that includes direct access to top management. For instance, no one hesitates to pose questions directly to the founders at the weekly all-hands meetings. The HR management system plays a critical role in keeping this value proposition well tuned and relevant for each successive generation of employees by embedding Google’s mission into daily work life. As Laszlo Bock, vice president of people operations at Google, said in an interview with BCG: â€Å"If you talk to anybody at Google and ask them what the mission is, they’ll say, ‘To organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. ’ It’s rare to find a place where everyone knows the mission—and then actually believes it. † Google’s benefits and compensation packages, renowned for their largess, have a threefold purpose, Bock pointed out. First, to create a community—hence the microkitchens sprinkled around the offices, where people can interact informally. Second, to drive innovation: the more people interact, the higher the likelihood of creating serendipitous sparks of innovation. And third, to promote efficiency: on-site oil changes and dry-cleaning services help hard-working employees save time in their personal lives. To keep a pulse on how â€Å"Googlers† are feeling, which informs talent-management and development programs, HR undertakes a variety of analyses, Bock said. The company monitors retention and attrition and looks for patterns. An annual employee survey plus focus groups throughout the year provide ample qualitative feedback. On the basis of this analysis, upward management feedback gets put into practice. â€Å"Every member of our executive team has goals for the year,† Bock said. â€Å"These are not amorphous goals, like ‘make the company feel more engaged,’ but very specific, like ‘there were three issues in the sales organization that we will address this year. ’† Recruitment group Randstad Chooses Google Apps for its 29,000 Employees. Randstad consist of four large Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht) and the surrounding areas. It is one of the biggest staffing companies in the world and has some 29,000 employees working from more than 4,500 branches in 40 countries around the world. They help companies and candidates connect in industries such as engineering, finance and accounting, healthcare, human resources, managed services, pharma and technology. To give an idea, they place on average well over 500,000 people per day. It have grown to become quite large since it began as a small company started in a student dorm room in 1960 and the business has changed quite a bit in that time. But at its core, it still the same. All about people. Their decision making process involved several companies, but ultimately they decided on Google for a few different reasons. They have a workforce of younger, and heard the feedback that are quite familiar with Google tools like Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Drive and Google+ Hangouts in user personal lives, and theyd like to use them at work too. Also, because the Google tools are all integrated, they wouldnt run into the problem of having employees across offices and countries having to work with several different pieces of technology that don’t work well together. Lastly, we wanted to provide our employees with as much training as they needed and G-company were able to provide that. Their rollout will eventually include all 29,000 Randstad employees, 5,000 of whom are located in the Netherlands. Their employees in France, Japan and India, approximately 8,000, are already on Google.

The Disadvantages Of Baby Sitting Children And Young People Essay

The Disadvantages Of Baby Sitting Children And Young People Essay Babysitters can range in age, tending to be in their pre-teens/teens, ages 11-19, yet it is not uncommon for students in their 20s to take on babysitting as a part-time job. The type of work for babysitters also varies, from watching a sleeping child, to playing games, preparing meals, teaching the child to read, or even driving (if the age is right), depending on the agreed upon terms and determined by parental permission. In some countries various organizations produce courses for babysitters, mainly focusing on child safety and first aid appropriate for infants and children. These classes or courses can be provided at local hospitals and sometimes even schools. These classes can equip the babysitter with information to keep both the child, or children, and sitter safe in various health and weather scenarios. [edit] U.S. In the United States, the circumstances that babysitters face can change quickly. The American Red Cross is currently the most popular form of certification; its curriculum ranges from sleeping to emergencies to encouraging young entrepreneurship. It has been statistically shown that parents are more relaxed with a certified babysitter. [1] [edit] Word History The term baby sitter first appeared in 1937; the verb form baby-sit is first recorded in 1947.[2] The American Heritage College Dictionary notes One normally would expect the agent noun babysitter with its -er suffix to come from the verb baby-sit, as diver comes from dive, but in fact babysitter is first recorded in 1937, ten years earlier than the first appearance of baby-sit. Thus the verb was derived from the agent noun rather than the other way around, and represents a good example of back-formation.[3] The use of the word sit to abbreviate to refer to a baby-sitter is recorded from 1800[citation needed]. The term may have originated from the action of the caretaker sitting on the baby in one room, while the parents were entertaining or busy in another. [edit] International variations in definition In British English the term refers only to caring for a child for a few hours, on an informal basis and usually in the evening when the child is asleep for most of the time.[citation needed] In American English the term can include caring for a child for the whole or most of the day, and on a regular or more formal basis, which would be described as childminding in British English. In the United States, the term is sometimes used when one parent is at home and the other, who would normally be present, is not. In India a babysitter or nanny is known as an ayah or aya, a person hired on a longer term contract basis to look after a child regardless of the presence of the parents. The Disadvantages of Baby-Sitting Baby-sitting is a way to get some extra money in a short time period, but disadvantages are present, such as hours, behavior of children and irregular schedule. This is not a dependable way to earn income because you are at the mercy of families needing a baby-sitter. On-Demand Sitting Baby-sitters are needed sporadically. There is no regular schedule and are often called upon last minute. The jobs can occur once and then never again. It all depends on whether the employer ever needs a baby-sitter again and if he was happy with your work with his children. Uneducated in Child Care A person who is in need of a baby-sitter may require the sitter to have certain type of experience and certifications, such as CPR, before hiring a baby-sitter. However, typically, baby-sitters do not have an education in child care or several years of experience. This type of person is usually doing it to make a few extra dollars. Hours The hours of a baby-sitting job could be at any time during the day. If a baby-sitter limits the hours of her availability, the amount of work is decreased. Also, a baby-sitter needs to be ready for long night hours. Most baby-sitters are needed to watch children at night while the parents take in a movie, dinner or attend a work event. Behavior of Children The children that a baby-sitter tends to may appear have angel-like characteristics in front of his parents, but things may change when a sitter is alone with the child. The children may have foul language, tantrums if they dont get what they want or display meanness because the parents left them with a sitter. What are the advantages of babysitters? One of the advantages of using a babysitter is that your baby or child will be one of a small group, and the babysitter can therefore offer plenty of individual attention. Some babysitters take care of children from several families, and usually have mixed age groups, which closely mirrors family life. This may help your child learn to feel comfortable around older and younger children. It also makes it easier to care for all the children in a family, from babies to school age children. Often, babysitters look after children from babyhood through to secondary school, giving them a great sense of security and continuity. Many parents like this family-friendly interaction, and sometimes what starts out as a babysitting arrangement becomes a strong friendship that lasts for years. Taking your child to a babysitter can be the next best thing to your own home. If youre lucky enough to find a good babysitter close by, so much the better; your child will feel even more at home. From a practical viewpoint, babysitters can often be more flexible about pick-up and drop-off times. This extra flexibility may mean that you dont have to organise back-up care as often and is particularly useful if you work shifts. However, like all childcare arrangements, it is important not to take advantage, otherwise you may find that you have to start your childcare search all over again. What are the disadvantages? If your babysitter becomes ill or takes a holiday, you may be stumped for back-up childcare. Make sure you ask your babysitter how she deals with situations like this. Some parents worry that the babysitters children will get more attention than their own, which puts them off the arrangement. Even the best babysitters still have to meet the needs of their own families and the other children that they are caring for. However, all aspects of day-to-day life can offer learning opportunities, and good babysitters will ensure that the children in their care are regularly engaged in new activities and experiences. Making a decision In common with most childcare choices, there are pros and cons for you to weigh up. But depending on your own perspective, what one person might see as a disadvantage (such as fitting into the babysitters daily routine), might be viewed as an advantage by another (lots of learning opportunities in a family environment). The best decision for you will be based on what feels right in your individual circumstances. Baby-Sitting Duties Salary For a great many people, baby-sitting is the first hired work experience in life. Non-professional baby sitters usually range between the ages of 15 and 22. For young people, baby-sitting is usually great non-family related flexible employment that can continue all the way through college. Baby sitters have two duties: to keep the children safe and to provide them with comfort. The rates, however, vary by location and circumstance. Safety The No. 1 and most basic of baby-sitter duties is to make sure that the kids are safe; that no physical harm has occurred to them on your watch. Accidents can happen, but it is the sitters responsibility to know where the child is at all times. If there are multiple children, it is also the sitters duty to make sure that they do not harm each other. Knowing the dangers in a house, especially for the first time can be difficult. It is important to go over all the safety details with the parents before they leave you. Where are all the doors? Are they locked? Do the drawers and kitchen cabinets lock? Are the electrical outlets properly covered? and so on. The best way to keep a child safe is to keep them in your attention at all times. Young children should be followed and monitored closely, older children can have a little more privacy if they desire. If you must drive make sure you have proper car seats. You must also need to know what to do in the case of emergency; where the first aid is, how to do CPR and where to call for help. Care Along with safety, a baby sitters duty is to provide the children with their basic needs. Usually you will have to feed them, bath them, change diapers or help them with the toilet. The basic needs of children depend on their age; an infant will require full attention at all times even when sleeping. Entertainment and Comfort Aside from what a baby sitter has a to do, there are things a babysitter should do. Many children are uneasy about seeing their parents leave, as such a baby sitter needs to comfort them by reassuring the child that their parents will return soon and in the meantime you are going to have a lot of fun together. Children love it when adults play with them; ask to see their favorite toy, or watch their favorite movie, read them a book, play outside if there is a yard, or if the parents permit it, drive to a park or bakery for the afternoon. Baby sitting is made all the more easy when the children like and enjoy the company of their baby sitter. Really good baby sitters can become almost part of the family in some cases. Salary Rates The wages for a baby sitter vary drastically depending on the circumstances. The average baby-sitting rate in the United States is between $8 and $10 per hour. Though the average seems low, it is higher than the minimum wage in many states. There are, however, variables. Some inexperienced sitters may earn as low as $5 per hour, or on the extreme opposite experienced sitters in wealthy neighborhoods can earn between $15 and $18 per hour. Usually babysitters can set their own rate depending on the situation; infants should generally add $1 to $2 more to your standard rate, and each additional child added should add $1 as well. If you provide yourself with your own transportation then consider adding between 50 cents and $1 to your salary. Babysitting Older Children Babysitting older children generally takes less work than taking care of toddlers or infants. Whereas babies need constant nurture and attention, older children can tend for themselves in a lot of areas. However, there still remains a fair share of work to be done when babysitting older children. Depending on the circumstance, you may be responsible for tasks like driving them to sports practices, helping them with homework, cooking them meals, and making sure their lights are out at bedtime. Often your babysitting responsibilities will be based on everything from your age to the specific needs of the children. Before beginning to babysit for older children, be sure to inquire as to exactly what the parents expect your responsibilities to be. It can also be helpful to obtain a babysitting checklist from the parents that will guide you with helpful instructions and reminders. Balancing Babysitter Responsibilities Taking care of children is rarely an easy task, and handling your responsibilities as a babysitter can sometimes be difficult. For example, if you are babysitting three or more children, or if one or more has special needs, the job can seem overwhelming. That is why it is important to properly balance your babysitting responsibilities so you do not exhaust yourself completely by the end of the evening. Babysitting is work, but it should also be enjoyable. Heres what you can do to keep your babysitter duties balanced: Ask the parents to explain their expectations for your babysitting services and derive a clear picture of your specific responsibilities for each child. Obtain a babysitting checklist from the parents, which will help you keep track of important information and requirements for each child. If you feel like too much responsibility is being put on you, speak up and tell the parents in a polite manner. Some parents do not realize what a handful their children can be, let alone all the tasks they want you to perform for them or around the house. Letting them know that you are being overwhelmed will cause them to realize they need to give their children more responsibilities of their own or, in some cases, to hire an additional babysitter to help you out. How to Use a Babysitting Checklist Babysitting checklists are given to child care providers by parents to give specific instructions, and contact information in case of emergencies.These checklists are important to obtain and utilize as a babysitter because they will detail how your responsibilities should be carried out. That way, if an issue arises, you will have the information that you need to deal with it. Some items that should be included include where the parents can be reached, the number of someone to call if you cannot get in contact with the parents, the childs doctor and insurance information, and a signed emergency treatment release for the child. With this information, you will be prepared for anything that might happen while you are babysitting. Once you are given a babysitting checklist, be sure to keep it with you in a pocket or purse at all times. Read its contents thoroughly before the parents leave, and scan through it several times during the day or evening so that you ensure all of your responsibilities are done properly. Managing Babysitter Responsibilities Managing babysitter responsibilities is one of the most important tasks involved in child care. When you agree to provide babysitting for someones children, it is imperative that you understand what your responsibilities are and how you should carry them out. Babysitter responsibilities can vary from job to job. Just as children differ, so will the ways in which they need to be taken care of. In order to have a solid understanding of the responsibilities a parent will want you to uphold, you should first discuss exactly what will be involved in babysitting for them. If they are not upfront with explaining the specific responsibilities for the job, be sure to inquire about them. Some babysitting jobs will simply necessitate watching and playing with the children. Others will include more extensive responsibilities like driving, cooking, changing diapers, cleaning and doing light housework. It is also helpful to obtain a babysitter checklist from the parents. This checklist will contain, among other things, information that will direct your specific responsibilities, such as how much TV the children are allowed to watch, how to discipline them, and what they can or cannot eat. These instructions will help you understand how to carry out each of your responsibilities so you are not left guessing on your own. With clearly defined expectations and a babysitter checklist from the parents, you will be on your way to managing babysitter responsibilities like an expert. Responsibilities for Babysitting Young Children Babysitting young children brings its own set of unique responsibilities. While older children can tend for themselves in a lot of areas, infants and toddlers require constant nurture and attention. Babies must be fed often and, as a result, their diapers must be changed on a frequent basis. Infants tend to spit up and toddlers make messes wherever they go, so you can expect to spend a significant amount of time cleaning up after them. Infants will also need to be held and comforted often. Young children require naps at certain times, usually specified by the parents, and it is important to make sure they get the rest they need. Most young children cry a lot and it is important to know how to handle such situations when they arise. In order to be fully prepared for babysitting young children, take a class on the subject and speak with parents who have experience. Also, be sure to ask the parents of babies you are considering taking care of what responsibilities they would expect you to have. Responsibilities of a Babysitter Babysitter responsibilities vary widely from job to job depending on the age of the children, their specific needs and the particular requirements set by the parents. For younger children, responsibilities may include diaper changes, feeding, and holding; on the other hand, babysitting older children may involve driving them to soccer practice or helping them with their homework. While some children are nearly self-sufficient, all will have certain needs. This could include anything from fixing them a snack to helping them with a physical disability. Circumstances that may surround the job, such as the parents going away on business or the children wanting to take a trip to the museum, may require you to take on heavier responsibilities such as staying overnight or driving. Specific expectations of the parents will also determine what you will have to do as a babysitter. For example, some parents want their children in bed at a certain time. In this case, you need to make sure that they change into pajamas and brush their teeth before that time comes. The best way to determine the responsibilities you will have as a babysitter is ask parents directly. Nanny Vs. Baby-sitting In-home child care from a professional nanny or an individual doing simple baby-sitting duties offers a parent greater flexibility and control with schedules, compared with day care. Though it may be more costly than day care, a nanny or baby sitter may be the best way to care for children. Ages of the children, the hours needed for care and additional expectations determine if a parent needs just a baby-sitter or a professional nanny. Parent Expectations A baby sitter is usually called when the need arises, or she may have regularly scheduled hours to care for children. Typically, the job of a baby sitter is to ensure the safety and comfort of a child while the parents are away for a few hours. A nanny usually is more involved with children for a major part of the day on a regular basis. The Nanny Network website says the responsibility of a nanny is to partner with the parents to help raise their charges to be responsible, competent young men and women. Experience A baby sitter may be a responsible teen or a trusted adult living in the neighborhood. Teenagers and adults who are serious about working as baby sitters receive training and certification from the American Red Cross. Professional nannies have experience thats backed up with written references, whether theyre working independently or for an agency. Household Duties Household duties are negotiated with either a baby sitter or nanny for additional pay. In either situation, care of the children is considered a priority over chores. Younger children require greater levels of care than school-age children, so expectations about extra duties like laundry and kitchen cleanup must be reasonable. Child Education Both the baby sitter and the nanny can be expected to read and play with children or help school-age children with homework. A nanny will take a greater interest in teaching children and may serve as a tutor. Since the goal of the nanny is to raise children to become responsible adults, she will also educate children in manners, etiquette and how to care for themselves. Child Discipline Merriam-Webster offers three definitions for discipline: instruction, self-control and punishment. A nanny is involved in all three areas of discipline for the training of children, which may include corporal punishment at the parents discretion. Typically, a baby sitter is less involved in the childs life and merely informs the parents about the childs behavior. Rate of Pay As of July 2010, the hourly rates for baby sitting average $8 to $12 an hour, but can be as little as $4 or more than $18 an hour, according to the Babysitting-Rates website. A number of factors affect the costs of hiring child care providers. Some of the variables are the number of children, the experience of the provider and expected household duties. In the Los Angeles area, Mirtas Domestic Agency reports salaries from $250 to $500 for a five-day week for live-in nannies working up to 60 hours, or live-out positions for up to 40 hours per week. Nannies usually receive one-week paid vacation after a year, plus six paid holidays, Mirtas says. How to Describe Baby-sitting Responsibilities Although all baby sitters share basic responsibilities, such as caring for children, providing entertaining activities and attending to the needs of the children, different parents and families may have their own expectations of their baby sitters. Help your baby sitter understand what your expectations are and what her responsibilities will be when watching your children by clearly describing her duties. By clearly defining the baby sitters role for the person you hire, you will help both yourself, your children and your baby sitter have the best experience possible. Instructions 1 Schedule a meet and greet with your baby sitter before her first day caring for your children. After giving the baby sitter time to introduce herself to your children, communicate with her about her role as a baby sitter. Discuss simple things such as rate of pay, bedtime routines and television policies first. 2 Communicate with your baby sitter about tasks that you feel she should complete as a part of her job responsibilities. For example, some parents prefer the baby sitter to make lunches and dinners for the children, while other parents prepare meals before leaving. Let her know whether its OK to take your children for outings to the park, an ice cream shop or on bike rides. 3 Develop a baby-sitting checklist that your baby sitter can refer to when you are gone, especially if you have a lot of rules and responsibilities for her to abide by. Remember that getting used to another familys routine may be overwhelming at first, so developing a checklist for your baby sitter of tasks to accomplish while youre gone can be a huge help. 4 Remind your children about the rules of the house and ask them to remind your baby sitter if any of the rules are broken. For example, make sure that your children understand that they are not to watch television while the baby sitter is over if that is your rule. Ask them to remind her if she turns on the television out of habit. How to Find a Babysitter Job Babysitting is a great first job for teenagers. Babysitting is a flexible job that can fit around any schedule involving school work, extracurricular activities, and weekends. Through babysitting, you can learn patience, how to be a responsible role model, and how to handle money. To find a job, show parents of young children that you have the skills and commitment needed to babysit Instructions 1 Create a resume. Include any babysitting experience you have had as well as the hours you are available. Ask parents if you can use them as references, and ask them for letters of recommendation that indicate your strengths as a babysitter. 2 Ask for referrals. Call family and friends for referrals of parents who are in need of a babysitter, or use a local referral program. Many states have free babysitter referral programs that screen families and teens to find the best fit. Call your local chamber of commerce to find a referral program in your area. 3 Take a CPR course. The American Red Cross provides training classes for all ages. Ask adults in your class if they need a babysitter or if they have any referrals, and hand out your resume. Parents are more likely to hire you when they know you are certified in CPR. 4 Post fliers around your community in grocery stores, churches, businesses and day care centers. Cut seven to 10 strips on the bottom of your fliers that parents can easy tear off and take with them. On each strip write your name, telephone number, and that youre a babysitter. Get the managers approval before hanging up any fliers in a business. 5 Use the Internet. Advertise your babysitting services on your blogs and community pages to tell your friends and their friends you are looking for a job.

Mystification :: essays research papers

Mystification  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Berger’s essay, he uses the term â€Å"mystification†. Mystification is one way to set out describing the ways in which people perceive what they see. When people look at same painting or advertisement, they perceive and interpret differently. As John Berger says, â€Å"we are always looking at the relation between things and ourselves† (156). We see things differently from one another and in the beginning we see things, but without language and understanding, we cannot explain what it is we see. The way we see things is predetermined by different factors such as our own experiences and status. Berger provides an example two paintings by Frans Hals. The two paintings are picture of a group of governors and a group of governesses. The paintings imply that how our society has emphasized an upper class at the period. And, high status people control the people’s view. As Berger says, â€Å"the art of the past is being mystified because a privileged minority is striving to invent a history which can retrospectively justify the role of the ruling classes, and such a justification can no longer make sense in modern terms† (157). The upper class mystifies us to stay in control; without being able to see things in our own way, we are being deprived from our right to understanding ourselves and placing ourselves in a role of society. The â€Å"privileged minority† mystifies works of art in order to control people’s view. Berger explains how Hals becomes after he painted the two paintings. According to Berger, â€Å"he obtained three loads of peat on public charity, otherwise he would have frozen to death. Those who now sat for him were administrators of such public charity† (158).

The Role of the Narrator in Blood Brothers Essay -- Blood Brothers Nar

The Role of the Narrator in Blood Brothers The play, Blood Brothers, written by Willy Russell, is a very interesting play. It is about a mother with seven children and twins nearly due. Her employer cannot have kids and the mother is worried about financial support for her self and children(((((did they have child support in 1986)))))))), she has trouble supporting seven as it is never mind eight, but nine is too much for her. She gives one of them away to her employer. Before the twins are born they makes a pack that the two boys will never know the truth and they will be kept apart. She gives one of her new babies to her employer. The boys do meet and become ‘Blood Brothers’ at the age of seven. They were friends until they were adults, until they found out the truth, that they were real brothers, they were twins, which leads to their tragic death. The play is mainly about the two boys, but it is also about how poverty, single painting, education, and discipline can effect an upbringing of a child and how it effect them when they are older in what type of lifestyle they live in. Willy Russell wanted this play to be different to all of the anther basic plays, the wanted his to have a reality to it, he wanted the audience to be thinking what actually was meant by a scent while still watching the play, he wanted the audience to always be thinking about the pla and what is going to happen next. Russell’s aim was achieved by the character that he put to take part in certain times of the play, this character wasn’t a normal character, and this character was the narrator. He is so different to any other character in the play because he is a non-character, he commentates on action rather thanpartici... ...ew pins, How one was kept how one was giving away They were born and they died on the self same day.† When the audience hears the beat to the speech they pay more attention to it and become more active with the play. Some times when the narrator speaks to the audience, he is commenting on a character. â€Å"Then bring her on, come let see The author of such cruelty And judge for ourselves this terrible sin Bring on the mother and let the story begin† The narrator again is speaking in a poetic form. When he has said this about a character he automatically sets the next scene and also again sets the audience in a peculiar mood. The mood the narrator wants the audience to be in is a judgmental one, when in the quote; he is inviting the audience to judge the character. When inviting the audience, he is making the audience active in the play.

Beetroot Experiment :: Beetroots Anthocyanin Pigment Essays

Beetroot Experiment We are trying to find how the temperature affects the rate at which the anthocyanin pigment leaves the cells, and at what point does the call wall melt. Beetroot Experiment =================== Task ---- We are trying to find how the temperature affects the rate at which the anthocyanin pigment leaves the cells, and at what point does the call wall melt. Please note the two results highlighted found in "test 4" have not been included into my results, as they are obviously anomalous. I did the test more that once to the margin of error smaller. For the first few times I performed the test I could have made a mistake, so to give my results a better chance of being accurate I did the experiment four times and took the average of the tests. A graph of to clearly show the variation my results can be found overleaf. As the temperature increases the transmission reading on the colorimeter decreases. From information that I had already gathered I knew it would be around the 60Â °C mark to 65Â °C, hence which I decided to add a test at 63Â °C. This would help me make a more accurate estimate at what exact temperature the cell wall melts. My graph shows a decrease of transparency in the water between the points of 60Â °C and 70Â °C. From this I can make the prediction that between these two points the wall melts. Analysis The transparency of the water suddenly decreases between the points of 60Â °C and 70Â °C because this is when the cell wall melts. The cause of the sudden loss of transparency is caused when the wall melts and it allows a sudden release of the Anthocyanin pigment. So when the wall melts the pigment is released and the transparency drops - so to find the temperature at which the cell wall melts we just have to look for when there is a sudden loss of transparency in the water. My experiment shows there is a sudden loss of transparency of the water between 6OÂ °C and 70Â °C so I know that the cell wall must have melted between these two points. Before 60Â °C and after 70Â °C the depreciation is not as drastic as between the two points. This is because before 60Â °C there is no, or a very little amount of the pigment allowed to exit the cell, which is not enough to alter the transparency in a big way - this is because up to this point the cell wall is still intact, and after 70Â °C because most of the pigment has already left the cell because the cell wall has melted.

Modern Language Association Essay

The Modern Language Association (MLA) format is the most used format in doing papers especially with Liberal Arts and Humanities subjects (Purdue Owl). This format is based primarily on the author’s name and page number format. But before we start discussing how to cite sources, we must first learn how to properly format the paper using MLA. According to the OWL at Purdue website, the paper size should be a standard 8. 5 x 11 inches with 1-inch margin on all sides. The paper should be double-spaced using a formal font style such as Times New Roman in 12 pts. On all pages of the paper, a header that includes the last name of the owner of the paper and page numbers should be placed. The first lines of the paper should be indented to the left and one line apart: First and Last Name of the owner of the paper, name of professor, Subject/Course, and the date. Once these things are set up, the paper could now be officially started; the title of the paper should be at the center one line following the date (Purdue Owl). There are two basic ways of doing an in-text citation using MLA format. The first is using signal phrases — naming the author first in the sentence and then placing in parentheses the page number where the citation came from after the cited words. The second is including the last name of the author in the parenthetical citation, written before the page number and without any marks between them. If a particular source has no author mentioned, there are also two ways on how to properly cite the material. First is to use the title of the work as a signal phrase or place a shortened version of the title in the parenthetical citation. In case of sources where an organization can be used as the source, use the name of the organization as if it was the author. If page numbers are missing, like in web sites, just include the name of the author, again, either as a signal phrase or a parenthetical citation (â€Å"MLA in-text citations† 2).

Buddhism vs. Hinduism

Both Buddhism and Hinduism atomic number 18 widely respectable covereousnesss of the world. No unriv each(prenominal)ed is completely sure of where Hinduism was started and by whom it was led. However, today Hinduism is the third enlargedst worship of the world. And with the passage of time galore(postnominal) changes and alterations be in possession of been made in this trust. Most importantly, Hinduism includes m whatsoever(prenominal) dissentent beliefs and dominations that retain arisen. Even though at that place ar m any commonality things exist in unlike Hinduism sects and their beliefs argon tied to some extents.The Vedas is considered the oldest written roll of Hinduism and it was being written in grounds B. C scarce had existed orally yen before. On the other hand, Buddhism is a change version of Hinduism. Buddhism was founded by Gautama the Buddha. Buddhism is known for its nitty-gritty Path that which neither promotes extreme ascesis nor absolute hed onism to date still leads to nirvana. In addition, the Buddha promoted the 8 fold path, that of flop thinking, right effort, right speech, right of understanding, right of livelihood, right of concentration and right of mindfulness.Though the Buddhism or the put path discouraged the concept of and im satisfying divinity waiting to mete observe or punishment, besides, it strongly opined in the daily round of reincarnation finishing which a seeker could achieve nirvana, the ultimate enlightenment. Both Hinduism and Buddhism arose in South Asia, and thus stem from a similar culture and school of thought. Difference amongst Buddhism and Hinduism Buddhism believes in soul and matter and there is no place for God, besides this Hinduism considers God as the creator of the universe.In contrast, Buddhism denies the Vedas authority and dislikes wight sacrifice, while Hinduism believes in the authority of Vedas and attaches superfluous significance to the Vedic rituals. Buddhism do es not believe in the superiority of the Brahmans or any class distinctions, while Hinduism puts emphasis on the grade governing body and considers the same line rock of the whole cordial ashes. Buddhism is missioner religion which aims at converting entire manhood to the doctrines of Buddha while Hinduism never seeks converts and it has no certain(prenominal) organization like the Buddhist sangha.A person-to-person element is introduced by Buddhism in the version of Buddha as the saviours, while there are no such personal elements in Hinduism. (Nerox, pg, 1) On matters of social building Hinduism and Buddhism differ greatly. The deuce religions also distinguish because Buddhism emphasizes and Hinduism omits idiosyncratic freedom to draw close socially and spiritually in the current life. In canvass the two religions, one can considerably find why it is that Hinduism has showed the more than shelter and Buddhism the more tenderitarian doctrine.The company system is the outstanding instance of Hinduisms establishment tendencies. If hurl among Hindus sects they can be divided into intravenous feeding major classes, Shudra, Brahman, Vaishya and Kshatriya, or passel impertinent of all the classes. However members be broad to different grades have different duties. In Hinduism ordinarily the Caste is determined by birth, and it does not allowing individual freedom, social show upment and race choice. Moreover, the castes are socially ranked, forming an upper as well as lower social division.Caste, then, determines ones potential education, ones profession, ones social position, even be these limitations for your children. These social restrictions are reinforced by the idea that caste is determined by sins or virtues in a earlier life how well one commodious his dharma in the quondam(prenominal). In addition, the responsibilities of ones current caste also constitute the dharma which will hike punish or advance one in your next life. Put differently, surpassing ones dharma in not only unnecessary, exclusively likely will hurt your dharma, do you to fall into a lower caste in your next life.This intertwining of social strata with religion creates a fatalism derived from inevitable destiny, guilt complexes of past life caste determination, a philosophy of adoption, and fear of punishment for transcending ones dharma. In this light, Hinduism becomes a tremendous force for stagnation, eliminating the initiative for progress in a philosophy of acceptance which breeds apathy for social justice. Such a pervasive philosophy becomes an asset to the status quo and ruling stratum, stabilizing the social structure at the expense of individuals.(Hinduism and Buddhism a comparison) In contrast, in the social or policy-making structure of a society Buddhism plays lesser role. Buddhism in reality began as a reaction to the violence of Hindu society, including the barbarity of the caste system. Buddhism focuses not on the society, barely on every single person, so divorcing religion from the interests of the ruling stratum. Even though the Buddhism does see life as perturb and suffering and renascence as a renewal of this suffering, there is a likely escape.If one resigns his attachment to hope and self, paradise, or escape from the cycles of suffering, is not impossible. The most operative aspect of Nirvana, nevertheless, is its unobstructed access to people of any social background. Put differently, although a Hindu untouchable cannot perhaps advance in this life through any extraordinary attempt of his own. In this regard, any Buddhist can attain Nirvana through the 4 Noble Truths and the octuple Path, realizations essential of suffering and the methods to remove all suffering.A significant indicator of the contrast betwixt Buddhism and Hinduism arises in their historical relationship. Buddhism, naturally, arose as a reform exercise out of Hinduism. This in itself inclines to put Buddhism in a more convinced light as the religion that incorporated Hindu beliefs while excluding the oppose aspects of Hinduism. Certainly, this turns out to be the case when the caste system can be analyse thoroughly. While Hinduism not only perpetuates, unless is itself the caste system, Buddhism absolutely rejects any system of caste.During the rule of Ashoka Buddhism in reality reached higher(prenominal) levels of support, which followed the Buddhist concept of ahimsa, or non violence, and its determination toward greater equality. The good looks of a philosophy/religion of peace and general freedom, including a refusal of the social stigmas of caste for untouchables and lower caste members, brought thousands of converts. Again, nevertheless, the historical relationship of Buddhism and Hinduism depicts the inherent malleability and intensity of Hinduism.Furthermore, the Buddha was made an avatar of Vishnu in order to incorporate the Buddhist movement into Hinduism. The Buddhist s consider the world to be exuberant of gloominess and regard ending the sorrow as the chief aim of human life. The Hindus consider that there are quaternary chief aims (arthas) in life which every being should pursue. They are dharma (religious duty), artha (wealth or material possessions), kama (desires and passions) and moksha (salvation. ) (Hinduism vs Buddhism Hinduism and Buddhism Compared) ConclusionThe two Buddhism and Hinduism religions are very alike, and yet very different. They strive for an inner peace and at last to reach enlightenment through either moksha or nirvana. civilization plays a tremendous role in determining your beliefs. Both Hinduism and Buddhism religions seem to have components which would do the West good to learn, but only Buddhism religion lacks any large scale negative repercussions for its followers. Furthermore, Hinduism and Buddhism are two major religions, firmly planted in their cultures, and It looks that they will remain for a long time t o come.Works Cited Hinduism and Buddhism a comparison http//sc. essortment. com/hinduismandbud_rtqs. htm Accessed, June 15, 2007 Hinduism vs Buddhism Hinduism and Buddhism Compared http//www. experiencefestival. com/a/Hinduism_vs_Buddhism/id/54137 Accessed, June 15, 2007 Nerox (11 May 2007), Journal Article What are the similarities and differences between Buddhism and Hinduism, (page, 1) White, Sharon. (n. d. ), Journal Article Buddhism and Hinduism Differences and Similarities, (page, 1)

Nursing Education Essay

This musical composition go away comp give nary(prenominal)iceium the resistences in competencies in the midst of associate wrinkle in stimulate (ADN), and bachelor-at-arms in knowledge of fellate (BSN) vigilant encourages. whence mention a affected role pull off status describing how treat mete away or glide slopees to finale set out whitethorn protest base upon the tuitional formulation of the go for. The liberate online lexicon (2013) interprets susceptibility as The fibre of be effective or open(a) of playing an administer righteousness. here is a affinity of ii several(predicate) path slipway to bonny a Registered defy bloke phase in breast feeding (ADN), and live in light of breast feeding (BSN) curriculums. born(p) out of the treat shortage in 1952, the assistant decimal spotlight cherish came in to realisation give thanks to Mildred Montag. The beau head course for Registered hold dears is two- one-third historic period continuance. This architectural plan does sustain academic quotation base on clinical and habitual studies preparing these educatees to be equal to persist as technical foul bedside books. At the discontinue of the ADN computer computer political weapons platformmeme students be bail fit to stimulate the NCLEX-RN (Creasia & Reid, 2011).The Bachelors of information program is four-spot long time in length and rattling regarded by the Ameri stooge value fri culminationship as the genuine intro direct prerequisite to beseeming a Registered fellate (Smith, 2009). This program originated in 1909. The BSN program is base on grounds base drill, federation suck, and marks these entertains for head for the hillsers roles whereas the ADN programs do not function to prep ar nannys in leadership roles (Creasia & Reid, 2011). This is songable to the program providing pedagogy, depict by Creasia & Reid, 2011, as soundly as on in ducement precaution, wellness keeping insurance policy and finance, communicating/collaboration, clinical measure/ commonwealth wellness and paid values. (p. 25). At the end of the program these Nurses argon pensionable to cause the NCLEX-RN.With goings in the return key aim of gentility among RNs this brings up the polemic proceeds of Do the rest in genteelnessal levels of BSN watchful have got and ADN book make the much(prenominal) educate BSN to a greater extent prompt for the challenges of nurse forthwith? thither is much to a greater extent(prenominal) than query postulate on this topic. Online ledgers much(prenominal) as policy authorities attending for coiffure Ellenbecker, 2011 republic, like a shots purlieu of expanding knowledge, the chitchat for interdisciplinary health divvy up legal transfer teams, and turn out of the affinity in the midst of nurse breeding and change unhurried role of outcomes powerfully manoeuver the conduct for nurses wide-awake at the baccalaureate level. (115-125). Studies such as Aiken (2003) depict detrimental outcomes such as unsuccessful person to return and mortality were xix pct humble in hospitals post- functional longanimous ofs where lux portion of the nurses had baccalaureate degrees. The American fellowship of Colleges of treat 2003 forget an consummate particular airplane depicting how BSN nurses whitethorn be much nimble than lambskin or ADN to fill up the demands of care for today.They state this is delinquent to the broader foil of course land get outd in the BSN program. The BSN nurse sets what the parchment and ADN nurse learn to a greater extentover sop up a more in sense induce then allowing them enrol schoolmaster development, a greater understating of cultural, political, sparing and affectionate restorations touching patient roles and influencing health deal delivery. (AACN 2003). Nurses belongings a BS N tuition could hence be more able to proffer the approach of spirit at the patient as a whole, as well as heighten life-sustaining thought acquisitions. (AACN 2003). cardinal clinical pillowcase that depicts the leaving in patient foreboding concomitant describing how care for plow or approaches to stopping point- reservation whitethorn differ establish upon the educational training of the nurse BSN versus a fleece or ADN degree.The issue of may provide antithetic approaches to decision making is appropriate. thither atomic number 18 studies that back off that BSN disposed(p) nurses be top hat(p) ready and studies that designate that in that location is no operative difference in cargon delivered by BSN comp atomic number 18d to the c are delivered ADN and parchment nurses. When set about with the manifest that BSN disposed(p) nurses are taught a higher(prenominal) level of education and to use render found place (AACN 2003) (Creasia & Reid, 2011). The BSN wide-awake nurse may be cave in hustling to count more critically and olfactory sensation into why they do a delegate and not just now do the tax blindly. For exemplar enjoin- found exert provides hospitals with ways to lower CAUTI from occurring (AJIC 2011). This is Catheter-associated urinary folder infections (CAUTI). harmonize to AJIC 2011, CAUTI are common, morbid, and pricey. more or less 25% of hospitalized patients are catheterized yearly, and 10% develop urinary package infections. chivy establish guidelines cost for inseparable urinary catheter management just are not consistently followed. (pp. 1-6). world ameliorate plenty to look up what the usher found normal guidelines on catheters are can grandly cast up prescribed patient outcomes. Furthermore, AJIC 2011 states similarly that when nurses where re- amend on a basal skill and infusing outdo take the stand into period pull were of the essence(predicate) to raise se ntience of wide interventions that positively force patient outcomes and infusing best cause into up-to-date radiation diagram were important to raise awareness of unbiased interventions that positively wedged patient outcomes. (pp. 1-6).Nurses who are more educated on reasons git evince based utilise assure the enormousness of implementing it into menstruation treat practice. So it could be express that a BSN vigilant nurse is more plausibly to enforce the practice guidelines that are evidence based. This provides an deterrent example how a BSN nurse could be more belike to make a various feeling call than a diploma or and nurse and take endeavour to hire the MD for an recount to patronage an evidence-based decision. To summate on that point three pathways to comme il faut a Registered Nurse Diploma, ADN, and BSN programs. separately has incomparable qualities. The program that offers a more in-depth education is the BSN program. alone programs lead to the analogous end point of allowing the student to the NCLEX-RN. at that place are variable viewpoints on whether or not a BSN versus ADN nurse is purify educationally prepared for the breast feeding manpower today.ReferencesAmerican experience of Colleges of nurse. (2013). The move of education on nursing practice. Retrieved on January 18, 2013 from http//www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education Aiken, L. H. (2003). educational levels of hospital nurses and surgical patient mortality. diary of the American medical checkup Association, 290 , 16171623. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3077115/ Creasia, J. L., & Reid, PHD, RN, K. B. (2011). conceptual foundations the link to passe-partout nursing practice. (5th ed.). Ch. 2, pp.1-39. St. Louis, minute Elsevier Mosby. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-0-323-06869-7 Ellenbecker PhD, RN, C. (2010, 08 30). form _or _ system of government political relation and nursing practice preparing the Nursing men of the Future. vol. 11 no. 2 115-125. Retrieved from on January 19, 2013 http//ppn.sagepub.com/ nitty-gritty/11/2/115.abstract Farlex, Inc. (2013). The free dictionary. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.thefreedictionary.com/competenciesOman, K. S., & Flynn Makic, M. B. (2011). Nurse-directed interventions to curve catheter associated urinary tract infections. American Journal of infection Control, 1-6. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/ euphony/hcpr/cauti/documents/TeamPublications/Nurse-Directed Interventions to focus Catheter-Associated urinary share Infections.pdf