How Effective Is Cooling Down

?How effective is sweating at cooling you down? DC The temperature of each test tube that contains water which had different conditions that was measured each minute Temperature (Â ±0. 05 Â °C) Minute Dry Dry/Windy Wet Wet/Windy 1 77 82 70 76 2 75 80 64 70 3 72 76 59 65 4 69 73 55 60 5 67 71 53 57 6 65 68 50 53 7 64 66 48 51 8 63 64 46 48 9 61 61 44 46 10 59 60 42 44 11 58 58 41 43 12 56 56 40 41 13 55 55 39 40 14 54 53 38 38 15 53 52 37 37 (All number is put into one whole number) DCP The percentage change of the temperature of each test tube that contains water which had different conditions that was measured each minute + average percentage change Percentage change in temperature (Â ±0. 5 %) Trials Dry Dry/Windy Wet Wet/Windy 1 27 34 31 67 2 31 37 47 51 3 29 60 4 34 32 61 75 5 37 42 52 62 6 31 53 7 35 41 57 63 8 29 39 53 60 9 35 38 61 70 10 37 43 57 54 11 30 36 52 60 Average 32 38 53 62 (All number is put into one whole number) Calculations: Percentage Change in temperature: (Final-Initial)/Final x 100 = % change Initial Data chosen: Dry; Final=53, initial=79. 9-53/79 x 100 = 33% Average percent change in temperature: The sum of all percent changes in temperature for dry / the number of percentages 27 + 31 + 29 + 34 + 37 + 31 + 35 + 29 + 35 + 37 + 30/11 = -32% average percent change in temperature Conclusion The experiment was designed to investigate how sweating is effective on cooling you down. Four test tubes containing water that was all in different condit ions of one being a normal test tube covered in newspaper, the same but was blown with a fan, a wet test tube covered in newspaper and the same one that was blown with a fan. For fifteen minutes, the temperature of the water in the test tube is measured every minute. The results above have shown that the test tube that was covered with dry newspaper’s percentage change is not that great from the original to the final temperature, as it is only 32%. As wind is blown to the same dry newspaper test tube, the percentage change of the temperature increase, being 38%. When it comes to the test tube covered with the wet newspaper the percentage change increase much more with a 53 % change. The highest percentage change, with 62% is the test tube that was covered with wet newspaper and blown by the wind. In theory, as our body heats up over the normal temperature, our body senses that there is an increase in heat, therefore it releases heat as sweat to cool us down. This is monitored by a part of our brain called the hypothalamus which monitors the temperature of blood in our body. The hypothalamus sends signals when our blood temperature increases or decreases. It sends signals because there is a change in levels, this called negative feedback. The signals sent is then carried by neurons to other parts of the body, this process happens by the arterials being widen, which then will make the blood flow through our skin. Consequently, our shunt vessels will close; the blood will then transfer heat from our body core to the skin. Thus the temperature of our skin will increase, which then eventually cause our body to sweat. Based on the results that were obtained from the data were similar to the theory, when our body is wet, the temperature changes and decreases more. Similar from the data above, the wet newspaper had a 53% changed compared to 32% dry newspaper. This indicates that when our body is wet, there is a higher chance of a larger percentage change than being dry. Same, when the wind blows to the newspaper, it made it faster for the temperature to return normal. Furthermore, the Standard Deviation error bars are not too far apart to the column thus it shows that my data is fairly accurate. Evaluation Limitations Why? Suggestion The different initial temperature of water Because the water that was poured into the test tube had different temperatures at the start, the change in temperature of each test tube aren’t constant By boiling the water in a specific temperature, so that when it is poured the temperature will be the same The layering of newspaper for each test tube When the layering of the newspaper is thick, it will keep the test tube slow down the rate of changing temperature, with a thin newspaper, it will be faster Keep the newspaper layering at the same thickness, make sure each test tube is covered in the same amount of layers Difficult to tell the temperature through the test tube/newspaper Because we can’t raise the thermometer up, there was a difficulty in reading it, as it was covered by the newspaper, so then we had to guess sometimes By layering it with something more translucent, so that it will be easier to see The different distance of the fan As there was no standards for the length of distance of the fan to the test tube, the percentage change will not be precise By making the distance from the fan to the test tube a control, thus having the same distance for each

Greek Mythology: the Story of My Father and His Son Essay

My father was not a very good man. He was an alcoholic, womanizer and physically abusive to his wives (he was married twice) and his children. He had a genius mind, with a simpleton’s attention span. If he were to be given an evaluation today, he may be on the autistic spectrum, maybe leaning toward Asperger’s. He would sit on his throne and eschew orders like he was ready at any moment to wield the lightning bolt and kill us all. He was the Zeus to my Ares, and despite everything I loved him fiercely. I defended him even when he wouldn’t defend himself and since I have a fiery temper (anyone can ask my wife, the only fire extinguisher I will ever need), we often clashed like titans. It is a good thing we shared the mutual love of exploring ancient Greek myths and figures, as we could have been reading about ourselves. My Zeus died in 2008. When I was young, my father and I were forced by the courts to spend weekends together after he and my mother divorced. She was tired of Zeus, and bashed his head in with a frying pan while I watched wide-eyed and silent. During these visits, my father would at least pretend to be sober enough to entertain the product of his first wild, young marriage. He had a huge collection of books, pictures and slides of Greece and the mythologies which could appear to anyone else to be funny since we are 150% Italian. I would stare in fascination at these pictures of places, pretending I was there; and the people, pretending I was them. Eventually my father would finish whatever was in his cup and come find me, furiously afraid I was destroying his collection and threatening ghastly vengeance on me if I had. What he did do was make me want to look more. Eventually I could read, and instead of chasing me out of his office would actually spend time with me in there, most of the time sleeping it off I realize now. But as I read on through the months I began to worry less and less I would be beaten for exploring in there if I was careful, and began to ask him questions about things I didn’t understand. Why did the stories talk about so many gods, when my Catholic education taught me there was only one? What did this have to do with the stars and sky, and what was up with all the monsters? I think he figured humoring me was a way out of actually having to take me anywhere and would answer me, grabbing volumes and flipping the pages. I crept into within arm’s length and we spent many hours going over all sorts of what a child’s mind would find unfathomable. Our favorite was a bright orange tome titled Greek Mythology, and had such chapter titles as The Monster-Killers. How interesting that one is. I would still see Zeus all the time, as I tried his patience as a child does, or whenever he felt like it. As I have said, he wasn’t a very nice man. My mother knew it, my friends knew it, even the dog knew it I think. I was desperate for male influence as my mom after her divorce moved us in with her mom, who was a widow living with†¦her mom. So as a father now I can see how I would take even the worst interaction over none at all. I always had a temper, my mother telling me I was like my father when she was exasperated of me†¦when in fact I see myself now as the Ares to his Zeus. As they were father and son so were we. So on the weekends he would come and get me that lessened as he built his second family, that is what we did. Saw a couple movies of his choosing and then would retreat to his house on Wellington Dr. to let me loose in the office. The older I became the looser his grip on the office collection, but I knew Zeus was watching and if I ever dog-eared a page I furtively looked around before smoothing it back, praying as a child does he wouldn’t find out. The older I got, the less I saw my father as happens as one goes through the teens and beyond. I would still bring up our favorite interest when I talked to him, asking if he found any new books or saw any specials on TV. â€Å"Sure kid. â€Å", he would tell me while I knew that the only one looking and watching was me. I collected every National Geographic on the topic, have many DVD’s of documentaries, and even went to a convention a few years back where I saw some artifacts like pottery and coin rubbings. That temper of mine got me in quite a few scrapes and when I would tell the Old Man about my latest exploits he would laugh at me and usually one-up me. You can’t compete with Zeus I guess. After my son was born came his three sisters and any free time I have to devote exclusively to reading the Myths. I love them as much as I ever have, and the family knows it. They despair if I ever come across something new on Netflix knowing what comes next. But I never told them about the link to my father, I guess some things just stay put until the right time. My wife just thought it was something I always liked for no special reason. She didn’t like Zeus, whom she distrusted immediately. She has good radar. She also knows how to put me in my place when I start to get fiery, I have children of my own who can push my hot-button for sure. But I have never done more than yell because Zeus taught me that no one benefits from it. Back to my son. He discovered the Percy Jackson books by Rick Reardon, and the eventual movie. These books are Greek Mythology with a modern spin but still as factual. He loves, loves  them. In fact, as he read more he wanted more. So I found books like the Treasury of Greek Mythology by National Geographic, and we in turn spend many hours reading together. I think he is smarter than me, and certainly more computer literate so he finds new â€Å"stuff† all the time for us to check out. The boy who sometimes I can’t look at, because he looks back at me with Zeus’s eyes. In those eyes I see someone who hurt me so much, in a body I know loves me unconditionally. The boy who has Asperger’s. Dominic is 10 and still the age where I know what I am talking about. Zeus died in 2008. He left this world as he came in, drooling from the drugs they gave him in a futile attempt to save the liver which had finally given up on him. He had people bringing him alcohol to the hospital right to the last day. No one said no to Zeus. I will never forget that last image I have of the powerful god. So in a way with my son, the Myths are helping to fix the broken bond my father and I didn’t have. In his will he left nothing to no one, his words almost exactly. But he had one thing in safe deposit box. A faded orange book by John Pinsent, titled Greek Mythology. In it was a picture of him and me – Zeus and Ares, probably taken by my mother†¦marking a severely dog-eared page.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 10

History - Essay Example Judy Morley asserts these districts were created more to make money than to preserve historical sites. Both motives are involved in creating historical districts. As American towns and cities grew and changed urban planning became necessary. Buildings and houses were torn down to create new business and houses. Soon as the cities became bigger and bigger a need to create historical sites became necessary. Some of these neighborhoods were planned; others had natural benefits to the creation. The Old Town District in Albuquerque was merged into the town solely to become a historical district. The LoDo District in Denver was planned due to it being the oldest part of Denver. Pike Place Historical District was created due to Federal funding. Whatever the reason all three cities created a historical district for one reason or another. The Old Town District in Albuquerque was originally formed around the San Felipe de Neri Church. Settlers built homes around the church (Morley 22). In the 1800s, trade created stores and outposts in the Old Town District. Morley points out that like most Western towns, Albuquerque’s Old Town was by the railroad tracks (11). This helped settlers, supplies, and other goods to be delivered. The only main transportation in the beginning was the train. Roads and interstates were not even imagined during this time. As the town spread and transportation evolved, land expansion grew. When Albuquerque grew a New Town emerged that was distinctly separate from the Old Town. Only after the growth in the 1940s did the New Town want to merge with its historical past of the Old Town. New Town was made up of whites; where as Old Town was made up of Latinos. The annexation of the Old Town was done for the sole purpose of creating a historical district. This was a purposeful move on the part of the New Town. As the city continued to grow, Albuquerque moved beyond

Retroviridae Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Retroviridae - Essay Example Based on the similarities in amino acid sequences in the reverse transcriptase proteins of retroviruses (Coombs, Medscape, the retroviruses can be classified into: alpharetroviruses, betaretroviruses, gammaretroviruses, deltaretroviruses, epsilonretroviruses, lentiviruses and spuma-viruses (Table-1). The alpharetroviruses, betaretroviruses, and gammaretroviruses are considered simple retroviruses; the deltaretroviruses, epsilonretroviruses, lentiviruses, and spuma-viruses are considered complex (Coombs, Medscape). Avian sarcoma and leukosis viral group, mammalian B-type viral group, murine leukemia-related viral group, human T-cell leukemia–bovine leukemia viral and D-type viral group were formerly known as oncogenic retroviruses (Coffin, NCBI). Retroviruses are further classified into simple and complex categories based on the organization of their genomes. There are 3 major coding domains which are common to all the retroviruses. These domains have information for virion proteins. The domains are known as gag, pol and env. Gag directs the synthesis of internal virion proteins that form the matrix, the capsid, and the nucleoprotein structures. Pol contains the information for the reverse transcriptase and integrase enzymes and env contains information for the synthesis of the surface and transmembrane components of the viral envelope protein. In addition to all these major coding domains, there is one smaller coding domain common to all retroviruses. It is called pro and it codes for the virion protease. Simple retroviruses are those which carry only this elementary information. All oncogenic members except the human T-cell leukemia virus–bovine leukemia virus (HTLV-BLV) genus are simple retroviruses. Complex retrov iruses code for additional regulatory non-virion proteins derived from multiple spliced messages. The additional coding domains include tat, rev, etc.

Pen Marked Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pen Marked - Essay Example This discussion is an application of the steps of critical thinking in Penn-Mart case memo or case study. Before applying the steps of critical thinking in Penn-Mart case study, it would be important to outline the benefits of critical thinking. Browne and Keeley (2014) notes that critical thinking helps individuals react decisively, review and critic a presented material. In this respect, applying critical thinking in Penn-Mart memo forms the basis for its review and criticism. Based on the writers articulation of ideas and conclusions, the reader can either accept or reject the presented material. The first step of critical thinking as presented by Browne and Keeeley (2014) is identification of the issue and conclusion of the subject matter. In other words, this step involves identification of the argument, hypothesis and the projected or anticipated communication. To identifying the issue, Browne and Keeley (2014) advises that one ought to reflect and raise questions in regards to what the writer is responding or reacting to. In this respect, the issue in Penn-Marts case is the escalating expenditure in terms of healthcare benefits for the employees. Conversely, there must also be the identification of the conclusion in critical thinking. This involves a reflection on what the author of the material is seeks to establish (Browne and Keeley, 2014). In this case, the conclusion of Penn-Mart case can be deduced from the objective of the proposed "Get Well" program. It is the belief of the writer that improving employees awareness of their individual health status and subsequent ly assisting them identify health problems that could be alleviated or lessened by means of individual improvement approaches would significantly reduce the costs incurred by Penn-Mart through healthcare benefits. The writer clearly defines the issue and conclusion. The second step of critical thinking is identification of the rationale (Browne and Keeley, 2014). This

Assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment 7 - Essay Example Therefore, it is imperative to use the three main steps. Organizing involves, grouping the data collected according to the patterns formed by the data collected. Organizing the data will help the researcher to store easily and retrieve without confusing with other stored data. Description involves delineating the data collected. The large amounts of data collected have different features and characteristics. Describing them will be imperative, as it will help the researcher to identify data with the similar characteristics. In addition, description helps in data organization. The final step in the inductive process is interpreting, interpreting involves analyzing, assessing and elucidating the data collected in order to fathom. Interpreting, further, is important as it helps in finding solution to the research problem; it also helps in finding the most accurate conclusion. Every data collected has to include statistics. Statistics helps in understanding patterns presented in data collected. Nevertheless, in order to realize a pattern formed by data collected, researchers should collect data more than three times (Calhoun, 2008). Statistics involves collecting, organizing and interpreting numerical figures (Calhoun, 2008). Quantitative data is interpreted with statistics. Researchers can use expressive and inferential when analyzing data statistically. Both descriptive and inferential statistics have similar ways of quantifying data but differ in different strategies. Both statistics involves more than one group. In addition, if researchers are analyzing one group of people they can use both statistics more than once. Researchers can use both statistics to find the hypothesized results depending on the type and method of collecting data. Despite the similarities in descriptive and inferential statistics, they differ in the methods of analyzing data. De scriptive statistics uses mathematical procedures that help in organizing and

Commentary music anlisis of chapter 2 Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Commentary music anlisis of chapter 2 - Thesis Example m during the performance of a number of parameters of the composition including the pitch, form, durations and notes of the particular pieces (Salzman, 161). Mobile or open form chance music its roots in the works of previous influential artists like Roman Haubenstock-Ramati who compost a series of polyvalent musical pieces such as his famous piece known as Interpolation in the year 1958. Another good example of the use of mobile form musical composition was seen In Terry Riley’s 1964 composition titled In C which consisted of 53 short sequences allowing each member of the performers to repeat the sequence as much as they liked before proceeding to the next sequence. With a fixed pulsing rhythm, the details of each of the performance in the piece â€Å"In C† was however unique and the overall course was fixed. Composed for 4 clarinets in Bb, I was particularly influenced by the fact from my piece â€Å"Regeneration† that in the end of the piece the performer has to choose between the 2 endings. I have used a number of â€Å"mobile form† chance musical compositional techniques to ensure that the order of the sections and movements in the composition is indeterminate and left to be decided by the performers. Open form in the musical composition is normally vividly used in composition in relation to its mobile nature which involves the nature of movement in this musical composition which is either indeterminate or left in the court of the performer. As evidenced in my compositionâ€Å"Ordinatio†, the concept of open form chance music as used in the 20th century is often associated with giving freedom of choice regarding the movements of the composition and the order of sections to the performers. In this regard, the input of the composer is significantly reduced to merely preparing the elements that are needed to b assembled during the musical performance. I was Inspired from the earlier open and closed chance musical pieces such as Klavierstà ¼cke (Stockhausen) and

Science and Technology Education for young child Assignment

Science and Technology Education for young child - Assignment Example From a constructivism point of view, it has been discussed that humans acquire understanding through collaborations not just in ideas but also with experiences. This view point is combined with Bloom’s taxonomy of learning which was published during the 1950s which was way outdated compared to technology that is being used in lately in academes. This theory is composed of three domains; 1) cognitive or knowledge, 2) affective or attitude, and 3) psychomotor or skills (Anderson, et al, 2011). This type of teaching has 3 major objectives. The first of which is increasing the involvement of students. Multiple ways of knowing constitute the 2nd major objective while the 3rd aim of inquiry-based teaching is sequential phase of cognition. The inquiry-based teaching is actually a form of inviting students to an active way of learning instead of just being pacified with information (Franklin). Science and technology is not an easy subject to explain in early childhood education. Teachers should be able to get the grasp first of what is need to be taught before actually structuring it to the most basic as it can get for these children to understand. The educators would be faced in a challenge in explaining a sometimes complex subject to children who have so many questions based on what have been observed or explained at their own households. Letting a child to experiment and explore things would be a better way of teaching children of this age bracket the concepts without them having doubts on the educator’s credibility. This is done by observing. As it has been prior known that children tends more to believe what have been seen, if a certain thing or scientific event has been observed by the child, it would be more believable onto them what is being explained by teachers. Though questions may still arise, there is a visible proof that the children can see and get the grasp of the concept which is being taught (Harland & Rivkin, 2004). The

Intelligence Agencies and Just War on Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Intelligence Agencies and Just War on Terrorism Essay America and its allies face Ð ° world that has become more and more dangerous with its weapons of mass destruction and Ð ° shadowy world of terrorists more than willing to use them. The wisdom of the past does not have the prescience or universal insight to deal with this new threat. America and its allies must change direction if they wish to respond to the challenge in an effective manner, even if it means employing policies that seemed dubious in the past. The state is called to protect its citizens in Ð ° Machiavellian world, filled with depravity and compromise. The church is called to submit to the superior wisdom of those who have the special intelligence, experience and expertise to handle the current crisis. Our forefathers came from Europe to settle in Ð ° wilderness that was not always hospitable. Death was imminent, and survival was uppermost on all their minds. The settlement in Jamestown, after the death of Powhatan, suffered an unprovoked attack at the hands of the Native Americans in 1622, in which some 375 settlers were massacred. The immediate response was to make Ð ° perfidious treaty with the natives and then starve them by burning their crops late that summer. It was Ð ° matter of survival. It was either ‘us or them’. (Amit 2003 127) â€Å"The same policy was followed by the Puritans of Massachusetts when the Pequot Indians, Ð ° most war-like people, presented an imminent threat in the mind of these settlers. Rather than wait around to die, they proceeded to attack them first, killing in one horrific conflagration of Ð ° Pequot fort some 4oo men, women and children. The exact motives behind the massacre remain unclear, but no doubt survival was uppermost in their minds. Today the situation that confronts the American people is not so different. It is similar to that of their ancestors in many ways and direr in regard to the number of lives at stake. one can debate whether the times have ‘waxed worse and worse’, but it is beyond question that the times have proved ‘more and more critical’ with their weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and the ever-increasing number of potential users. The nation of Israel felt this threat in 1981 when it conducted Ð ° pre-emptive strike against an Iraqi nuclear reactor. The United States roundly condemned the action at the time, but with the threat now facing them from this and other rogue nations Ð ° new policy has emerged. The nefarious intentions of the Iraqi regime are apparent to most observers. It appears as if this regime plans to continue the production of WMD and deliver these weapons themselves or distribute them through the shadowy world of terrorist networks to designated targets in this clandestine manner. The signs of the times are all around us. Iraq already has violated over fifty UN resolutions to date. The UN inspectors revealed that Saddam was vigorously working on Ð ° stockpile of WMD—chemical, biological and nuclear, and by the mid-9os he began to deny them access to his supply. He already has used these weapons against his own people and waves of foot soldiers in his war with Iran. He has pledged on Ð ° number of occasions to bring destruction upon the United States, and even planned the assassination of its former president, George Bush. He has subsidized and continues to support terrorist groups throughout the region, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad according to seized Palestinian documents. His relation to terrorism is Ð ° matter of grave concern. â€Å"(Rahul 2002 37-44) It provides Ð ° special channel to deliver and promote his wicked designs, Bin Laden has called it Ð ° ‘religious duty’ for his minions to obtain and use WMD against the infidels, but he knows that his terrorist network needs help. It is only in the movies that Dr No is able to create the facilities to manufacture and deliver WMD. In the real world of terrorism, the capacity to make and utilize these weapons requires the help of Ð ° government. Aum Shinrikyo, Ð ° Japanese cult, tried to kill thousands of commuters with Ð ° potent nerve agent but managed to kill only Ð ° dozen after spending somewhere around thirty million dollars. The loss of these lives was tragic but much less than expected and displayed the complexity of operations using these agents. The cult was not able to produce the chemical (sarin) in sufficient purity and resorted to using Ð ° most primitive delivery system—carrying it on Ð ° train and piercing bags of it with tips of umbrellas. Ð  government working with Ð ° terrorist organization would produce Ð ° more lethal combination. 3 In light of this threat, it appears as if the only long-term solution is to eliminate the regime in Baghdad. Some would argue that there is no need to rush into war. But one wonders how realistic this option is in view of the track record of the regime. Is it realistic to believe that Iraq would comply with inspectors? It did not the first time around, not in toto, would the UN impose the necessary sanctions and penalties if it did not? Or would it ignore certain closed doors and cave in as it did before to Iraqi demands? And even if unmolested, would the inspectors catch the regime in its lies, knowing that it is likely to play Ð ° shell game and was given four years to hide its weapons? (Bruce 2003 44) Donnes fatalistic maxim succinctly defines the essential context that modern intelligence services function within, and the variables determining their relative fortunes. Their experiences suggest that they are very human institutions largely shaped by the vagaries of circumstances beyond their control, not to mention misfortune and luck. As refined information used by the state to further national goals and policies, intelligence is directed, collected, analyzed and disseminated (the intelligence cycle) within the milieu of international politics. Intelligence work must therefore function within the anarchical society of Great Powers. 1 Equally significant is the extent to which intelligence functionaries serve at the mercy of their policy masters. The intelligence officers themselves, in their various professional incarnations, are the desperate men in this formulation, striving as they do to carry out their risky and/or problematic duties in the face of inertia and outright opposition on the part of rivals, enemies, and occasionally their own countrymen. It is unlikely that any intelligence service in history has ever completely escaped subjugation to such restrictive bondage. â€Å"As mentioned in the previous chapter, the war on al Qaeda should be Ð ° deliberate broad-front attack. It is already that in practice, but the rationale for sustaining this approach is less established and troubles are certain because such Ð ° strategy requires relating the efforts of multiple agencies, subagencies, and even nations, and it sometimes necessitates rapid action. This would seem to require two enhancements of capability which may at first seem contradictory, but they are complementary and equally important. â€Å"(Paul 2002 31) These facts hold particularly true for the office of Strategic Services mission in London, Americas critical liaison and operational intelligence outpost during the Second World War. Expanding to Ð ° peak of 2,800 personnel in 1944, OSS/London was originally established in October 1941 with the arrival of Ð ° single representative, followed by Ð ° staff nucleus the day after Americas entry into the war. Eventually consisting of contingents from the four major OSS branches-Research and Analysis, Secret Intelligence, Special operations, and X-2 (counter-intelligence)-the mission served as Ð ° focal point for Anglo-American intelligence relations in the decisive theatre in the war against Germany. The London mission was at the heart of OSS relations with British intelligence, and as such it personified the essence of that connection in the Allied war effort. The Allied invasion of Europe ensured that OSS/London, more than any other OSS outpost, would have the greatest opportunity to perform Ð ° decisive role in the intelligence war. Other OSS missions would also make important contributions, notably in Cairo, Algiers and Italy; but these were ultimately secondary theatres, while in the Pacific and Asia, OSS never acquired the sound relationship with the military necessary for intelligence operations. London was at the heart of the Allied war effort, and at the heart of the Anglo-American alliance itself. While intelligence exchanges with the Soviet Union have been documented by Bradley F. Smith, London was the big league in Allied intelligence during the war. Many significant matters were accordingly played-out there, offering detailed examples of intelligence services in action. The experiences of OSS in London therefore illuminate the process by which America was introduced to the various components of intelligence and clandestine work, and how well American intelligence performed in its own right. As the presumed precursor to the post-war US Central Intelligence Agency, OSS further invites study in order to understand the antecedents of Americas Cold War intelligence service. The significant Anglo-American context of the evolution of modern American intelligence moreover suggests that the Anglo-American Special Relationship had an intelligence component that was manifested most strongly and clearly in OSS/London. (Bruce 2oo3 75) The mission thus provides Ð ° case study of how US intelligence matured and became institutionalized within the context of the larger Anglo-American political-military alliance. This analysis accordingly examines an aspect of that alliance and of intelligence history in particular, that has not yet been explored in any comprehensive detail. It is part of Ð ° current historiographical review of the significance of intelligence services in military and international affairs. It specifically examines OSS/London within the context of Anglo-American relations, as well as the evolution of both modern American, and Allied, intelligence during the Second World War. The general research approach blends what has been termed the American and British schools of intelligence scholarship. The more historical nature of British intelligence studies has been noted by Kenneth G. Robertson, while Roy Godsons Intelligence: an American View, in Robertsons British and American Approaches to Intelligence, distinguishes between this historical methodology and the more conceptual or theoretical nature of American studies (for example, Sherman Kents Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy). British diplomatic historian D. C. Watt has therefore identified these approaches as two distinct schools of intelligence study, though Ð ° recent noteworthy British contribution to the theoretical school is Michael Hermans Intelligence Power in Peace and War, which surveys the interrelationship between post-war structures, tasks, and effectiveness. This study for its part demonstrates the influences of both schools by linking theoretical concepts to the role of intelligence ties within the larger wartime Anglo-American alliance. (Neville 2004 45)

Destin Brass Products Co. Essay Example for Free

Destin Brass Products Co. Essay The estimated costs calculated using the activity-based costing method is very different from the existing standard unit costs and the revised unit costs. Exhibit 3 uses the traditional cost allocation system, which allocates all costs based on measures of volume. In the standard unit costs, Destin Brass uses direct labor as the only cost driver, which rarely meets the cause-effect standard wanted in cost allocation. Exhibit 4 is similar to exhibit 3, but instead, 4 uses materials and machine hours as the cost driver instead of just direct labor. The new costs are calculated by using the ABC system, which allocates costs that are caused by non-volume-based cost drivers. After recognizing the overhead activities, costs of overhead resources used for the activities are allocated to the activities using cost drivers. Then pooled costs of each activity are allocated to products, using the cost drivers. It takes one large overhead cost pool and breaks it down into several pools, which for this company are: receiving and materials handling, machine usage and maintenance, packing and shipping, and engineering. These have a cause-effect relationship with activities and resources that are used. So unlike exhibit 3 and 4, the new system breaks down the overhead costs a lot more. The new estimated costs are more accurate because the amount allocated to each of the overhead activities for each product is more detailed. It shows the percentage of how much each activity is performed on each product. All 3 products unit costs in the new system are different from exhibit 3 and 4. Unit price for valves has a slight change compare to the standard unit price, but for pumps and flow controllers, there is a dramatic change. Destin Brass are well under their 35% gross margin goal for pumps, and wondering how other companies can sell their pumps for such a low price. They thought the unit costs for pumps is $63.12, when in fact, the more accurate system shows that its only $48.81, $14.31 less than the standard unit cost. This inaccuracy is the reason why Destin Brass is having trouble staying competitive with their price on pumps while other companies are able to sell it for a lower price. The flow controllers have never been a problem for Destin Brass. It seemed to them that they had no competition in that market. Even after raising the prices by 12.5%, demand did not decrease. This is because the more accurate unit cost for flow controllers is actually $100.48, and not $56.50, $43.98 more than what they thought. They have been selling their flow controller at $97.07 each, which is below the unit cost, and that is why no other companies are able to compete in that market. I think Destin Brass should definitely adjust their selling price for all 3 products. For valves, $58.16 should be their new target-selling price if they want to keep the 35% GM goal, but I think they should make the actual selling price to be a little lower than that. That way they can stay/be more competitive in the valves market while having a GM% that is slightly lower, but still close to the goal. Selling price for pumps will have to be lowered for them to become competitive in the pumps market, unlike before. $75.09 would be the price they want to sell it at if they want the 35% GM, but the selling could still be slightly lower then that, allowing them to be competitive while still very close to their goal. Flow controller prices will have to be higher if they want to make a profit from this product. Right now they are making a loss of 4% for each flow controller they sell. If they want to reach the 35% GM mark, they will have to up their cost from $97.07 to $154.58. Just like pumps and valves, price could be a little lower than that, and of course for the same reasons. Yes, this means they will go from having no competition to many competitions in the flow controller market now, but at least they wont be making a loss every time they sell a flow controller. In the following month, assuming quantities produced and sold, activities, and costs were all at standard, the profit reported under the new system would be $540,260.00, and under the present system would be $539,180.00. There is only a difference of $1,080. Destin Brass will not see any major difference in profit in the short run; in this case its over a period of one month. But in the long run, they will definitely see major changes in their profits.

Examples Of Good Clinical Care Nursing Essay

Examples Of Good Clinical Care Nursing Essay The GMC states that being able to provide good clinical care is fundamental to becoming a doctor1. I must strive to learn and understand the concept of good clinical care so that it is put into practice throughout my future career in the medical profession. I have chosen three specific examples from this year which have helped me analysis, understand and reflect upon the importance of good clinical care in medical practice. Example 1: My first example occurred during a primary care consultation. I was asked by the GP to take the patients history, which I was really quite nervous about, as I had only done so once previously. I proceeded to take the history of the patient, asking the necessary questions. The patient complained of having episodes of shortness of breath. After taking what I thought to be a full history, the GP took over and asked a few vital questions. She asked the patient about his psycho-social history, which I had completed overlooked during the consultation. The patient actually explained that he was recently divorced and had a very stressful job has made him anxious and stressed over the past few months. The doctor explained to the patient that it was quite likely these respiratory problems were due to his stress and anxiety. The GP then asked if there were activities he enjoyed doing in his spare time, and if he had friends and family whom he could talk to. The GP advised him about local support groups available. However, the doctor did perform a chest examination and provided the patient with a peak-flow meter to take home as an investigation measure. Lessons learned: This example taught me the importance of taking a full history in a consultation. The GMC states that one must adequately assess the patients conditions, taking account of the history (including the symptoms, and psychological and social factors).1 I felt embarrassed and disappointed at myself for missing the psycho-social history. It proved to be a vital part of the diagnosis, because if it was simply overlook, the patient may have been wrongly diagnosed and managed. The doctor was quite sure that the problem was due to his anxiety, but still crucially performed a full chest examination, which helped to rule out other conditions, in accordance with the GMC guidance, a doctor should where necessary, examine the patient1. The combination of a full history and examinations/investigations, where necessary, is fundamental to provide good clinical care for your patients. It has been noted by research that understanding each patients biological, psychosocial and cultural background is the foundation of effective patient care.2 Aims: I recognise that various improvements are needed during my medical education. I will practice my consultation skills on a regularly, both on patients and on friends and family. I will especially try to make the most of consultation skill sessions led by the medical school throughout the course, and ask for constructive feedback for guidance in areas needing improvement. I am currently studying the Calgary-Cambridge guide3 on performing a medical interview to make sure I remember all the appropriate points needed to perform a successful consultation. My examination skills will also need to be practised vigorously. Part of building the doctor-patient relationship is performing the appropriate examination. I will set aside 2 hours a week for revision of examination techniques, not simply to pass my OSCEs, but so that as a Doctor I will feel confident and competent to examine and treat my future patients. Example 2: The next case which I feel represents an important example of good clinical care occurred on a home visit to a patient, who had been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis over 30 years previously. I was there to discuss her condition and ask all the relevant history which was needed to write a comprehensive logbook. The patient explained that she regularly visited various healthcare professionals in order to control her symptoms. She visited the GP surgery each week for intravenous methotrexate injections, had check-ups with the rheumatology consultant every 6 months to discuss treatment dosage and options, and a physiotherapist every month, to aid with mobility. The patient explained she plays an active role in deciding what treatment is best for her, and had recently (after a discussion with her consultant), decided against a new biologic treatment. She had been given a full explanation about the medication she is on and sticks to her treatment vigorously as she understands the implications of not doing so. The patient felt very happy with the service she received from the NHS. Lessons learned: This case has taught me about the importance of on-going management and treatment of conditions. There must always be good communication between the GP, hospital and other healthcare professionals in order to provide good clinical care for the patient. The GMC state that one must keep clear, accurate and legible records regarding patients, to prevent confusion or mistakes being made.1 Another important issue is to understand the roles of each healthcare professional, which was highlighted in this case. The GMC states that decisions should be arrived at through assessment and discussion with the patient.4 The patient had an active role in decision-making regarding her medication, which she felt very happy about. Hence, it appears vital to show respect to the patient, but also be willing to listen to the patient when deciding a treatment plan. This is in accordance with the GMC guidance stating one must respect the decisions and rights of patients.4 In order to gain full compliance from the patient, providing adequate education is paramount. The patient felt she had been educated suitably about both her condition and treatment, and so she complies fully with her treatment plan, hence communication skills are vital. Research conducted by doctors, which has been published in the BMJ, have concluded that when doctors use communication skills effectively, both they and their patients benefit.5 Providing education about a condition or treatment plan for instance, will require explanation on a level which the patient can understand and follow. Aims: Understanding the roles of other healthcare professionals is important for providing good clinical care, which I am to improve by working hard during IPL sessions during my time at university. I will choose IPL during my third year, even though it is optional, as I can see the relevance and significance of it for providing effective health care for the patient. I will also aim to shadow not only doctors, but other healthcare professionals too. The GMC state that a doctor or medical student must behave with courtesy4 and respect the decisions and rights of patients4, which I feel is something I have always achieved, yet understand that complacency should never be allowed to creep in. The GMC also states that keeping up-to-date records1 and completing work on time4 are important aspects of good clinical care, and so I aim to be thoroughly organised during this course, making sure PBL work is completed on time, and good notes are kept, filed in organised folders. This should prepare me for the organisation levels required as a doctor. Studying conditions very thoroughly, and speaking to as many patients as possible throughout my medical education, will gain me experience at delivering information to patients, hence better at providing education for my future patients. Example 3: My final example from this year occurred on my first day of primary care, and is the most memorable day of my medical education to date. The GP arranged for a patient to come in for a general check-up, simply to demonstrate some basic clinical skills. I remember a feeling of excitement and anticipation of the morning ahead. After the check-up, the patient was asked if he had been feeling fit and well recently, and he casually replied that he had been having pain urinating. The GP seemed quite concerned and asked for a complete history and a urine test, which showed up blood and infection signs. Due to his age and symptoms, the GP decided that these concerning factors needed to be investigated further by the Urologist, who she referred him onto. The patient wanted to know the possible implications, and the GP decided that the patient ought to know that there was a small chance that the possible diagnosis could be prostate cancer. She delivered the news in a very sensitive and empathetic fashion. I remember the patients face went white and he was utterly alarmed by the news. I also felt shocked, and a great deal of empathy towards him. The patient was however grateful that the doctor had decided to refer him on immediately. When the doctor left the room for a moment, the patient asked me about the implications of prostate cancer. I apologised and told the patient I was a first year medical student and therefore not informed enough to talk about any such implications. Lessons learned: The GMC state that one must recognise and work within the limits of your competence and refer a patient to another practitioner, when this is in the patients best interest1. The GP recognised the possible implications of the problem and made a decision that it needed further investigation from a specialist in the area. The GP recognised her limitations in this area of medicine, and correctly referred the patient. I should remember and employ as a basic principle working within my limits of competence throughout my future career. Maintaining the doctor-patient relationship, which is based on mutual trust and respect, the GP decided to inform the patient that there was a possibility of prostate cancer. I feel it is very important to keep the honesty as otherwise the relationship will break down, and good clinical care will therefore suffer as a result. When asked about the implications of prostate cancer, it was important for me to accurately represent my position or ability4. Any advice or views given by myself could have been wrong, and therefore caused further harm and distress to patient. Also, misrepresentation of myself is a fitness-to-practice issue and I do not wish to represent myself in this way. I could have handled the situation better on reflection, and been more empathetic, but my nerves and the shock situation hindered me. Hopefully over time, I will develop the professional skills to be more confident in such situations. Aims: My goal during my medical education is to realise my limits. Setting time each day for work and recreation will give me a balanced life, and help me progress at a steady and attainable pace. It is imperative for me to ask more questions (to the appropriate people) and ask for help with pieces of work when I do not fully understand something. I acknowledge I currently do not do this enough, as I sometimes feel embarrassed to ask for help, but during my time as a clinician in the future, getting a second opinion, or just a piece of advice from a colleague will be essential for the provision of good clinical care. I am currently trying my best to get more actively involved in my PBL feedback sessions and ask questions on areas which I lack understanding in. I am finding this very beneficial for my education, and helpful in combating embarrassment I may feel when asking for help. Another aim is to always remember to introduce myself correctly to patients during consultation, so they unde rstand I am a medical student, therefore causing no confusion of my position or ability. Conclusion: Provision of good clinical care is essential as a Doctor. My scenarios have taught me the value being aware of the GMC guidelines, and reflecting upon my performance constantly throughout both my medical education and career, ensuring good clinical care is provided as a fundamental principle of clinical practice. My experiences this year have not only improved my clinical skills, but on reflection, have made me question my approach to different tasks, which with the goals I have set, I hope to improve.

Science Vs Religion :: essays research papers

Since the beginning of human history there have been many explanations for events that seem out of human control. In recent civilized history, religious and since the beginning of human history there have been many explanations for events that seem out of human control. In recent civilized history, religious and scientific views have often clashed with one another. Religious ideas are usually presented first and then enough scientific evidence accumulates to dare religious beliefs. These findings of science are met with incredulity and most are considered a heresy. Since the middle ages until the 18th centuri, religious ideology was the most accepted way of explaining the unexplained. During the next couple hundred years, many members of academia(a school of philosophy), using science to back them up, came up with new ways of dealing with the unanswerable questions. When the church had the greatest power, men and women of science were viewed as the "wicked guys." In most cases it was safer to believe in the church and their ideas, in order not to be excommunicated or shunned by society, than to place their trust in charlatan scientists. As a result, many conflicts arise between men of religion and men of science. Even if a scientist set out to prove the church wrong and show some very strong evidence contrary to popular belief, he was usually shunned and his ideas denounced publicly. It is not until many people have similar evidence and findings do they gain any credibility with normal people and the church. Nowadays people believe that if a scientific view is false, then by continuing study and research the truth may be discovered. one may conclude that if no one presented new ideas, then intelligent thought would have no place in a society like that. Scientists like Darwin accepted the risks involved in presenting new ideas. Voltaire also was a revolutionary thinker. Although, he presented ideas of his own, he decided to satirize science and religion. Each society, church, men of academia, believes that their ideas are correct and therefore are the best of the world. It is true, even to this day, that each nation has a different set of standards, reasoning, and beliefs on how life works and what are the best possible things to believe in. In some cases, nations try to push those beliefs on other nations. This results in a push for new scientific research and other religious and philosophical beliefs of that nation, to fight the ideas that are being reflected on them.

Global Warming: Are Humans to Blame? Essay -- Climate Change, Greenhou

Global Warming: Are Humans to Blame? An English major with a minor in Meteorology, I have a huge passion in learning about the weather. I love doing research on all aspects of the weather, but one topic has remained controversial for years and that is the cause of global warming. I decided to do some research on the issue in hopes of coming up with some type of conclusion based on the facts that I am able to find. The question always arises as to whether humans are to blame for our current global warming. Do humans in fact pose a threat to the global warming crisis and are they to blame for the slow increase in temperature of the earths atmosphere? Before one can begin to argue the facts whether or not humans have an influence in the condition of our atmosphere, one must first learn exactly what global warming is. To begin a discussion about what global warming entails, I must first explain the greenhouse effect. When solar radiation enters the earth’s atmosphere some of the energy is absorbed by the earth, while the rest is refracted back into space. During this process, when radiation emits from the surface back into the atmosphere, greenhouse gases such as water vapor, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Methane trap some of the radiating heat in our atmosphere and cause the surface of the earth to warm up. This is a natural process that has occurred on earth even before the existence of humans, and still naturally occurs today. Moreover, clouds, or large masses of water vapor, are natural absorbers and refractors of energy. Although they reflect more solar energy than they absorb, they still help to maintain a warm and tolerable planet for all living kind, thus clouds play a big part in the warmin... ...on the facts presented, it is up to you to decide which theory you believe in. Bibliography Burroughs, William J. et al. The Nature Company Guides Weather. Sydney, San Francisco: Time-life Custom Publishing, 1996. (1997, October 31). Common Sense About Global Warming Editorial: The Toronto Globe and Mail [10]. Canada’s National Newspaper The Globe and Mail. Available at: http://www.carleton.ca/~tpatters/teaching/climatechange/ewarming.html (2001). Global Warming frequently asked questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Available at: http://lwf.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html Lyons, Walter A. The Handy Weather Answer Book. New York, New York: Accord Publishing Ltd., 1997. National assessment on climate change [12]. Hot Planet. Available at:http://www.weather.com/newscenter.specialreports/hotplanet/

What mistake did Ivan Ilych made his life chaffy? Attest by using direct quotes from the novel?

From Chapter II, â€Å"†¦he married because his social circle approved of the match. He was swayed by both these considerations: †¦ it was considered the right thing by the most highly placed of his associates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [1]   He lived to indulge others and usually this is a perfect way to flop.â€Å"†¦ he considered his duty to be what was so considered by those in authority†¦ he attracted to people of high station†¦, assimilating their ways and views of life and establishing friendly relations with them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2   He conformed the benchmark and only thrived to become a paragon pawn of those in high pedestal. He considered that the best authority is the achievers.â€Å"†¦when obliged to be at home he tried to safeguard his position by the presence of outsiders†¦. The whole interest of his life now centered in the official world†¦ and continued to flow as he considered it should do — pleasantly and properly.† 3   H e escaped goat from his nagging and irritable wife by being workaholic. He tried to evade from the problems instead of facing it courageously.He denied his spiritual life. According to Chapter XI, he was reluctant first of taking the communion but felt obliged when pleased by his wife. He lacked faith. As the saying goes, man does not live by bread alone but from the word of God. He is self-centered in a sense he followed the ontological good but not morally upright. He lost his dignity which is his morality.2. What are the implications of death to spiritual malnourished like Ivan and Kanji?Fear—for they are not ready; for they haven’t found the significance of their very existence. They feel that there is something missing that has to be found as acted by Ivan and Kanji. There very instinct told them so and this is their inner man. Man is physical, social, emotional and SPIRITUAL—which animals lack.3. What made Ivan/Kanji succored while still in malady and agon y?In The Death of Ivan Ilych,(a) â€Å"When the priest came and heard his confession, Ivan Ilych was softened and seemed to feel a relief from his doubts and consequently from his sufferings, and for a moment there came a ray of hope†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 4 (b) through love and compassion showed by his sick nurse and by looking at him and (c) through the caress of his son.In Ikiru, through kindness and plainness of Toyo, a young girl who works in Mr. Kanji Watanabe’s office; looking at her made him feel better. (Kurusawa, 1952)4. â€Å"Yes, it was not the right thing †¦but that’s no matter. It can be done. But what is the right thing?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5Forgiveness, acceptance and compassion. (The Death of Ivan Ilych) Simple way of living and doing things superficial as it may seem but has a worthwhile impact to others which is charity. (Ikiru) 5. What are the moral lessons of the novel/film?*   Success and happiness in life is not measured by career or material wealth as opined by many. Sometimes the most happiest and fulfilled person are the poor and uneducated portrayed by Gerasim and proven by Tolstoy.*   Learn to balance your self. It’s not about career. Spend some time in simple things yet worth remembering. Life is short so use your life to the fullest.*   Without God as a center of life, life is in vain.Notes1. Tolstoy, Lev Nekolayevich. 1886. Death of Ivan Ilych. Christian Classics Ethereal   Ã‚  Library http://www.ccel.org/ccel/tolstoy/ivan.iii.html (accessed March 11, 2009)2. Tolstoy, Chapter II3. Tolstoy, Chapter II4. Tolstoy, Chapter XI5. Tolstoy, Chapter XII

“Lord of the Flies”: Qualities of a Good Leader Essay

What qualities does it take to make a good leader? People have always pondered this question especially when electing leaders. They may say that a good leader should be charismatic, intelligent and perhaps good-natured. Their idea of good leadership qualities usually comes from books and movies. In Lord of the Flies there were many various leadership qualities exhibited by the boys, but how can one decide on a leader out of so many boys that would make the society work? Only a leader with the best of the boys’ character traits would have made the society work. For example, we can see that Ralph was logical, but lacked the ability to make quick decisions. On the contrary, Jack was decisive, yet not very logical or civil. Finally, Piggy was the intelligent advisor, however he lacked the charisma and appearance to get his ideas accepted by the group. Ralph was a logical and influential leader, but lacked the ability to quickly enforce the directions. His logical reasoning process helped in identifying the necessities for life. For example, he valued such necessities as fire and shelter above everything else. These were the necessities that would have led them to a stable and civilized society on the island. However, although Ralph had the right ideas, he was not too quick or efficient in getting them done. In fact, the fire was often let out. Similarly, the shelters were something that seemed there to be done until there was something more exciting, at which point the shelters were left uncompleted. Without direction, the boys on the island often went to do things that were fun. This lack of direction was not at all due to a lack of power. The boys instantly viewed Ralph as a leader with his influential looks and speech. For instance, when Ralph said â€Å"fire†, the boys went running towards the woods to build a fire. This kind of authority over the boys was exceptionally important for getting things done, unfortunately Ralph did not use his authority to its fullest. As can be seen, Ralph had the power and logic to do things, yet he lacked the decisiveness to do them quickly. In contrast to Ralph, Jack was an aggressive instigator, who was always quick to act. Jack was an intimidating figure. The boys often feared what he would do should they not listen to him. Similar to Ralph, this control would enable Jack to get things done. Contrary to Ralph, however, Jack used this control. He took his choir with him hunting whenever he saw fit. By being decisive, he could quickly and efficiently get things done. However, his decisiveness was not necessarily a good thing, as Jack was very aggressive in nature. His savage nature influenced the others to let their savage sides come out, most noticeably when they were hunting. They would all paint their faces and carry as little as possible. Since Jack was doing it, it was the thing to do. A good leader would not encourage or intimidate people to let out their aggression. Simply put, Jack was decisive and intimidating, but encouraged the wrong actions in the boys. Last but not least, Piggy was the intelligent advisor to Ralph, yet lacked some important qualities. Piggy’s intelligence was a very important asset to the boys. He knew how things had to be done. Additionally, he had many ideas that would lead the boys to a civilized and safe society. This kind of intelligence is important to any good leadership. Unfortunately, Piggy was not a good public speaker. Not only did he lack the breath to complete a long speech, but he was very shy being a minority group on the island. It is this disadvantage that would prevent him from ever leading, because a good leader must be able to communicate his ideas clearly. Despite not being good at communicating his own ideas, he was open to others’ ideas. He would consider them and give his own constructive criticism. For example, he agreed with Ralph that fire was important, and suggested that if they could not have a fire on top of the mountain, then to have it by the shore. Any good leader must listen to others’ ideas as any one person can not have all of the best ideas. Piggy’s intelligence is vital to good leadership. As can be seen, the combined leadership qualities of Ralph, Jack and Piggy would have most likely worked in creating a civilization on the island. Ralph’s logic, appearance, and influential speeches can guide the group to do what is important. Jack’s decisiveness can get the important things done quickly and efficiently. Finally Piggy’s intelligence would provide important information as to how to accomplish various goals, and would keep the island in a civilized manner. None of the boys could have led the group towards a working society by themselves. In conclusion, after understanding this dispersement of leadership qualities in Lord of the Flies, can it  really be said that any single person is a good leader?

Islamic Change Over Time Essay Essay

By the early eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was in decline. The weak rulers of the empire left the way open for power struggles among officials, religious experts, and Janissary commanders. Provincial administrators and landholders conspired to drain revenue from the central treasury. The general economy suffered from competition with the West as imported goods ruined local industry. European rivals took advantage of Ottoman weakness. The Austrians pushed the Ottomans from Hungary and the northern Balkans. Russia expanded into the Caucasus and Crimea. The subject Christian peoples of the Balkans challenged their rulers: the Greeks won independence 1830, and Serbia won independence in 1867. European military assaults and diseases destroyed existing civilizations. African and Asian civilizations were able to withstand the early European arrival, but the latter’s continuing development by the end of the eighteenth century made them dominant. The subordinate civilizations reacted differently. Some retreated into an idealized past; others absorbed ideas from their rulers. The various efforts at resistance did not all succeed. Some civilizations survived; others collapsed. The leaders and thinkers of the Islamic world were divided about how to reverse decline and drive back Europeans. They argued over a spectrum ranging from a return to the past to the adoption of Western ways. By the nineteenth century, the Arabs under the weakened Ottoman Empire were exposed to the danger of European conquest. The loss of Islamic territory to the Europeans engendered a sense of crisis in the Middle East. The Muslims had faced the threat of the West since the Middle Ages. Muslims shared many aspects of culture with Judeo-Christian and Greek tradition; their civilization had contributed to the rise of the West. The Muslims had many centers to defend; the fall of the Ottoman Empire did not mean the end of Islamic independence. They had time to learn during the long Western advance. Muslims could cling to the truths of Islam and survive as a people,

Louisia May Alccott

The story Little Woman by Louisa May Alcott is about the lives of the four March girls, Jo, Meg, Beth, and Amy, living with their mother in New England as their father is away serving as a chaplain in the Civil War. Even though the girls bicker like all siblings, they keep their loving home together as they wait for their father to return from the war. The sisters struggle to support themselves and keep their household running despite the fact that the family recently lost its fortune. In the process, they become close friends with their wealthy neighbor, Theodore Laurence, also known as â€Å"Laurie. Let me give an introduction of the 4 beautiful March girls. Margaret March also known as Meg is the oldest of the March sisters. She is pretty, simple, and interested in the finer things in life. Josephine March also known as Jo is the second oldest of the March sisters. She is a teenager just like Meg. She is tall and skinny, a tomboy who always says and does the wrong thing, very tal ented, good-hearted, and a good writer. Elizabeth March also known as Beth is the second youngest, she is a sweet music lover, and is a little artistic also.Beth is the only one without ambitions, whose only desire is to live at home with her parents and practice her music. She is almost to good to be real,loves doll collection and her many cats,and always has just the right kind word for any situation. Beth is so shy that she is unable to attend a public school and therefore gets her schooling at home. Amy is the youngest who intends to marry for money so she would be in the high society and have wealthy friends, expensive jewels, and expensive clothes. Amy is also a little selfish but very social,elegant,and spoiled.Those are the characteristics and personalitys of the 4 beautiful March girls. Each of the March girls have an imaginary â€Å"castle† for which she hopes, but each ends with a very different â€Å"future† than she would have imagined for herself. Like wh en Amy finally got the chance to fulfill her dreams, she turns it away and turning instead to Laurie to marry, her childhood friend. Turns out that Laurie's grandfather Mr. Laurence is wealthy and left his entire estate to Laurie. In the end all of the girls learned that no amount of wealth can bring more happiness than that of a close and loving family.But as the girls grow older, each faces her own personal demons and moral challenges. Jo, our beloved protagonist, must tame her tomboyish ways and learn to be more ladylike while pursuing her ambition to be a great writer. Meg, the oldest, must put aside her love of wealth and finery in order to follow her heart. Beth, the shy one, must conquer her bashfulness, while Amy, the youngest, has to sacrifice her aristocratic pride. The girls are guided in their personal growth by their mother, â€Å"Marmee,† and by their religious faith.The family's tight bonds are forever changed when Meg falls in love with John Brooke, Laurie's t utor. Meg and John marry and begin a home of their own, quickly populated by twins Daisy and Demi. Another marriage seems imminent when Laurie reveals to Jo that he has fallen in love with Jo' but Jo does not like him back in that same way. Then Laurie goes to Europe accompanied by his grandfather. He pursues his passion for music and tries to forget Jo. Then seperatly Amy travels through Europe with her wealthy Aunt Carroll and cousin Flo and nurturs her artistic talent.Jo goes to New York as the governess for a family friend, Mrs. Kirke, experiencing the big city and trying her hand as a professional writer. Only after Beth died Jo found the mixture of paths and heartfelt sincerity that enables her to write stories that have the publisher begging for more of the same. Jo's talent for writing develops in spurts, writing first innocent romances for a local paper, a novel that receives mixed reviews and finally â€Å"sensation† stories for a tabloid in NY. While in New York, J o meets German expatriate Professor Bhaer, whose intellect and strong moral nature spark her interest.Back in the States, Jo returns home to care for her bereaved parents and learns to embrace her domestic side. Across the Atlantic, Laurie and Amy discover that they lack the genius to be great artists, but that they make an excellent romantic pairing. After Beth, who has never been strong, dies young, Amy finally got the chance to fulfill her dreams, she turns it away and turning instead to Laurie to marry since the sorrow of their loss solidifies Amy's bond to Laurie. her childhood friend. Turns out that Laurie's grandfather Mr. Laurence is wealthy and left his entire estate to Laurie.But when All the loose ends are tied up as Jo and Professor Bhaer marry and start a boarding school for boys, while Amy and Laurie marry and use the Laurence family wealth to support struggling young artists. The Brooke, Bhaer, and Laurence households flourish, and the novel ends with a birthday party for Marmee, celebrating the extended March family connections and the progress of Jo's boarding school, Plumfield. In the end all of the girls learned that no amount of wealth can bring more happiness than that of a close and loving family.

Foreign Exchange Derivatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Foreign Exchange Derivatives - Essay Example Since mny derivtives involve cross-border trding, the derivtives mrket hs led to incresed interntionl finncil frgility nd the ttendnt need for greter suprntionl governnce of derivtives. To explore these themes, I will use monetry theory of production provided by institutionlist economic theory. From the outset, institutionlist nlyses of the economic process hve incorported the impct of monetry phenomen on the production of goods nd services. Thorstein Veblen distinguished between pecuniry nd industril employments, Wesley Mitchell between mking goods nd mking money, nd John R. Commons between rel nd finncil vlues. Wht ll sought to cpture ws dilecticl reltionship between money nd mteril flows. s Dudley Dillrd put it, under mrket cpitlism "the production of goods nd services by which we live is byproduct of the expecttion of businessmen to 'mke money'" [Dillrd 1987, 1623]. In institutionl nlysis, money is described s hving functions beyond tht of medium of exchnge. Money is core component of economizing behvior under mrket cpitlism becuse it serves s the numerire by which gin my be clculted in quntittive terms, n element essentil to wht Mx Weber clled cpitl ccounting, or Kpitlrechnung. Perhps the most importnt function of money in the mrket economy rises from wht Dillrd [1987, 1625] termed its chrcteristic s specil form of property. key feture of the use of property is the power to hold or withhold. Moneyholders hve the power to grnt or withhold ccess to their money cpitl, nd it is this bility tht provides one of the mens through which monetry flows my disrupt the production process nd thereby socil provisioning. Hymn Minsky's [1986] finncil instbility hypothesis furthers the nlysis of the dilecticl reltionship between the rel nd finncil sectors. For firm to purchse physicl cpitl ssets it must often issue debt. Unlike its fixed debt obligtions, the firm's expected income flow is subject to uncertinty. Income flow depends on the level of ggregte demnd in the economy, fll in ggregte demnd being likely to cuse decline in the firm's sles nd income from which it services its debt. Should ggregte demnd fll fr enough, the firm my fce insolvency nd the instbility cn spred throughout the finncil system. It is Minsky's contention tht incresed dependence on corporte debt s mens of finncing investment in physicl cpitl hs incresed the possibility of substntil defltionry pressures should there be mjor downturn in economic ctivity. To dte, the extensive intervention of the welfre stte hs prevented recurrences of the mssive defltion experienced during the Gret Depression. Fiscl policy hs mintined dequte levels of ggregte demnd while, s the result of monetry policy, firms hve been ble to refinnce their debt, rther thn liquidte rel cpitl ssets tht hve lost vlue through defltion. Hence, s Dillrd noted [1987, 1644], n irony identified by Minsky's nlysis is tht while privte sector debt hs been destbilizing, the growth of public sector debt hs hd stbilizing effect on the rel sector of modern economies. The monetry theory of production my be extended to n nlysis of the interntionl economy. Ntionl centrl bnks hve used their lender of lst resort cpcities to provide short-term liquidity to bnks involved in interntionl finncil mrkets. The Finncil Derivtives Mrket Finncil derivtives re finncil contrcts

Catalonia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Catalonia - Term Paper Example The climate of Catalonia varies depending on the location, such as the areas along the coast, the inland, up in the mountains, or within the valleys. In the provinces on the edge of the coast and part of inland Barcelona, the climate is subtropic with hot and dry summers of around 80 degrees Fahrenheit, and cold winters, though it gets colder the closer to the shore the province is. The rest of inland Catalonia is hotter in the summer than in other locations, reaching temperatures as high as 104 degrees Fahrenheit, and cooler during the nights. In these regions, Catalonia gets the majority of its rainfall during spring and autumn. The valleys, however, with their oceanic climate, have their wettest season in summer, and often experiences freezing rain and subzero temperatures during the winter months. Throughout the year, snow is a common occurrence in the Pyrenees mountains. Catalonia’s flora and fauna is considered to be among the most incredible throughout Spain. Catalonia, Barcelona specifically, contains sixty unique parks, with a combined total of 140 different trees, including figs, cypresses, and cedars, which are common to the Mediterranean. Despite the wonders found in the parks of Barcelona, the mountains of Catalonia is where the majestic beauty of nature truly flourishes. â€Å"With beechwood and evergreen oak forests, extraordinary rock formations, glacial lakes and thousands of plant species, the Catalan Pyrenees are one of Europe’s greatest natural wonders (Shubert, 1992).† In the spring, the meadows of the Pyrenees are covered with pheasant’s eye narcissi, fritillaries, jasmine, trumpet gentians, and Pyrenean hyacinths. The autumn season is graced with red and gold Montpellier maples and downy oaks, and the meadows are then spotted with crocuses and purple merendera. Come winter, the Pyrenees is decorated with irises and orchids. Vall d’Aran displays these floral delights year round, and Augues Tortes is home to the lake of Sant Maurici and forests fit to burst with Scots pine and silver fur. Catalonia is considered to have â€Å"a greater diversity of wildlife than any other region of Spain (Williams, 1994).† In the Pyrenees, one can find the marmot, which is a large rodent, the goat-like isard, or wild boar as they sniff out truffles. Other present creatures include badgers, otters, and ibex. While they are difficult to find, many having just been reintroduced into the wild, Catalonia is also home to the Iberian lynx and various bears and wolves. In the mountains, the rivers and meadows are teeming with the Pyrenean brook salamander, the painted frog, asps, and a unique variety of dragonflies and butterflies, as well as the giant peacock moth, which is Europe’s largest insect. Located alongside the Mediterranean Sea, Catalonia has a variety of rivers and lakes that are fed from the sea. The main rivers that connect with the Mediterranean Sea are the Ebre, Llobregat, and t he Ter. There are two primary basins in Catalonia, Ebro and the main â€Å"one that comprises the internal basins of Catalonia (White & Aviva, 2010)†, all of which flow into the Mediterranean. There is also the Garona river basin that meets with the Atlantic Ocean, but it takes up an insignificant portion of land. Though there are small lakes spotted throughout Catalonia, the majority of them can be found in the Pyrenees, with the largest being Banyoles, a remnant of the ice age. Catalonia’s History Before Catalonia became the Catalonia we know today, it

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Research - Essay Example Conversely, this has changed whereby the incumbent leader Raul Castrol agreed to negotiate with Obama. Primarily, this regards diverse aspects meant to put the two states in harmonious pace and tackle matters that relate to their regional interests. The Cuba’s free consent to hold peaceful dialogue amid the states foresees a bright future ahead, where other states that declined trading with it due to U.S’ influence will resume their former relations. Hence, improving the Cuban economy, this at present is experiencing many inadequacies emanating from the US trade embargo. Cuban economic force lies on its strong and thriving agricultural sector that entails exporting cash crops to other states but not to the US. These entail sugar cane, tobacco, bananas and avocadoes. The state also boasts of rich resources, which comprise its exports besides utilizing them in their home industries to heighten the economy. Some of the state’s most reliable resources encompass petroleum, cobalt and nickel (McCoy 148). The latter two resources are more beneficial to the state, whereby the relevant authorities have devised strategies to invest in their productions to gain substantial foreign exchange. In addition, tourism sector contributes immensely in augmenting Cuban income owing to the state’s breathtaking landscapes, which attract many tourists globally (Sharpley & Knight 241). Consequently, these resources have enabled the state to provide most affordable and reliable health care for its people contrary to the other developed states like US. Presently , the state comprises of most educated youths in diverse fields, for instance IT; that is capable of boosting its economy. This is evident from its medical care sector that constitutes of proficient professionals (Vidal, Villanueva & Gonzà ¡lez-Corzo 5). The state despite endowed with resources and systems that boost its

Discuss the female action heroine in 2-3 Hong Kong films. To what Essay

Discuss the female action heroine in 2-3 Hong Kong films. To what extent does she transgress conventional gender roles and to w - Essay Example Besides, the unique socio-cultural and political setting of Honk Kong deeply influences the foretold difference in gender roles. Thesis statement: The female action heroine in Hong Kong films transgresses conventional gender roles and does not simply conform to male fantasies (Special references to the star Brigitte Lin in the Hong Kong films: Swordsman II, Ashes of Time, Bride with White Hair). Prominence of women actors in Hong Kong action cinema The prominence of women actors in Hong Kong action cinema challenges the conventional mode of masculine power vested upon male actors. Kar, Bren and Ho (2004, p.109) state that ‘Historians of early Chinese cinema often regard Hong Kong as a cultural â€Å"branch† of the more sophisticated Shanghai’. An alternative version of masculinity can be seen among women actors in Hong Kong action cinema. Pang and Wong (2005, p. 137) state that ‘The ideological implications of masculinity can be radically re-examined by not simply looking at men exclusively but also mapping and recognizing the culture of a certain female type’. Within this perspective, masculinity is not fully vested upon male. Instead, masculinity is expressed through the search for one’s identity, especially by the female heroine. 1. Transvestite/Cross-dressing in Chinese (Hong Kong) films Transvestite/Cross-dressing in Chinese (Hong Kong) films creates sexual ambiguity and transforms gender identity from hero to heroine and vice versa. One can easily identify that cross-dressing in Chinese Operas deeply influenced the same process in films, especially the Hong Kong films. Vojkovic (2009, p. 43) states that ‘Here, we also have to consider the fact that Kung fu comedy as a genre makes much less of an appeal to authenticity, reminding us also that Kung fu comedy draws its origins from Beijing Opera’. Besides, cross-dressing indirectly challenges male primacy and patriarchy in the Chinese society. Generally, c ross-dressing helps the female heroine to hide her biological gender but the same will be exposed in front of the audience in the final unmasking scene. Garber (1997, p.45) makes clear that ‘Women who cross-dress must fall into two categories: the occasional, recreational cross-dresser who does not wish or try to pass and the transsexual’. Within the context of Chinese (Hong Kong) films, cross-dressing (assuming gender codes) lead to transvestism (transformation to opposite sex). In short, the Chinese (Hong Kong) films make use of cross-dressing as an innovative tool to challenge the hierarchy of power. 2. Transsexual/ Swordswomen in Chinese (Hong Kong) films The transsexual/ swordswomen in Chinese (Hong Kong) films are capable to demonstrate skill similar to their counterparts. But these transsexual/ swordswomen are not portrayed as independent warriors because they are attached to their male counterparts. Hunt (2003, pp.117-118) states that ‘But as Asian audienc es and critics were well aware, women warriors are nothing new in Chinese storytelling and have a much longer history than their western counterparts’. The unique socio-cultural and political setting within China, especially in Hong Kong unveils the feminine side of transsexual/ swordswomen. For instance, womenfolk in Chinese society uphold traditional

UAL global business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

UAL global business strategy - Essay Example main unclear; of course, there are certain principles, which, if they are applied, are likely to increase the chances for a firm’s success in the global market. Current paper examines the various phases of development of the global strategy of United Airlines; the examination of the firm’s environment led to the assumption that changes are required on certain parts of the firm’s operations – in order to ensure that the targets set by the firm’s leader will be achieved. The expansion of the firm in the global market is expected to successful – under the terms highlighted in the paper; the need for potential changes is also analysed taking into consideration the fact that competition in the specific industry is strong and the effort for entering the global market would require additional support – referring especially to the allocation of monetary resources for the funding of the firm’s plans in the international market. United Airlines was established in USA in 1926; the firm is considered as one of the first of its industry – in the USA market. Through the decades the firm managed to achieve a high growth; however, the event of the September the 11th led to severe financial losses – the firm losses for the 2001 were estimated to $2.1 billions. In 2002 the company asked for the financial support of the government in order to control its debts and achieve a gradual recovery. In 2002 the firm’s financial problems were made more intensive; then, negotiations with employees were considered as necessary – the firing of employees was not avoided. The stability of the firm has been set in risk; however, through the years the firm managed to improve its performance; today, the number of the firm’s employees are estimated to 46,602; in accordance with the Report on the First Quarter of 2010 results, the firm achieved an operating profit of $58 millions in the first quarter of 2010; moreover, the company ranked first in many categories reflecting

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Critique - Essay Example The authors establish their case by first reviewing the available literature regarding how front office work is represented within school public relations research. They reveal numerous studies that examine the roles of parents or caregivers in student learning, looking at the "triad" of parent/carer, teacher and student, completely by-passing the front office as a potential participant. The researchers do provide one example of a study conducted in 1991 that is similar to their own inquiry, but point out that the data is relatively outdated. In spite of this, they use this outdated study to help support their own conclusions later in the article. These researchers also point out that a few studies have referenced front office work as an occasional participant in helping shape parents' overall experiences of educational practices. To illustrate how these studies have looked at the front office, the researchers go into a lengthier discussion of four sample studies that they found. The se sample studies tended to show the front office as a negative impediment to school-to-home relations. ... Another sample study showed the negative role the front office must play as gate-keepers of the school, frequently translated within parents' minds as impeding their ability to participate in their child's education and actually the result of inadequate communication between administration and parents regarding school policies, again demonstrating the front office as an ignored space. The other studies mentioned describe the importance of a welcoming entrance to the school, but focus on the architecture and entry procedures without giving any attention to the personnel that carry out these functions. The researchers effectively demonstrate that while the job of the office workers might be valued, the workers themselves are largely ignored or viewed in a negative light. The study the article reports on was conducted by gathering a great deal of school documents and parent/administrator/staff interviews, and observations. Although the study was not intended to be focused exclusively on front office work, its primary purpose, to examine how to build good home-school relations, revealed this gap in understanding. The researchers point out that the study sample was not representative, but their findings seem widely applicable. Within all of the collected material, there was a great deal of information about what was expected of parents and how the front office played a role in various activities relating to the children, but none of the office staff were ever mentioned by name or specific area of the front office itself. Because the focus of the study was not originally intended to be about the front office work and the invisible role of front office staff, questions pertaining to these

English Film and Literature Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Film and Literature Analysis - Essay Example Heroes too have been of varied kinds in the world of American art, ranging from the frontier hero of the Westerns to the hero of the Everyman variety. These two movies look at two such characters and the heroes have elements of different such types. The importance of the genre of the works and the time periods in which they are set shall also be a part of the discussion in this paper. The paper shall argue that these works have influenced the manner in which the American hero has been envisaged over the years and conceived of in other works of art. The character of Hawkeye is one who is able to maneuver through several situations that the settlers have to face. In a period that was marked by a great amount of political turbulence, he is able to navigate himself and others into situations of safety. He is able to also further the agenda of the side that he is on. One needs to remember that this was an era when America was still open to nations of the world and people like Hawkeye were necessary in order to consolidate the power that America had over the world. Such a hero is commonplace in American movies and books. In many movies of the Western genre, one finds that the hero moves to a place which is populated by a large number of Indians. The narratives of such westerns are almost always based on the extension of the American frontiers. Such an extension would then place the character in the mold of a hero as the character would be seen to be performing a service to his community and to the larger community of America. This is seen to also be a patriotic move. Apart from this, it also furthers the idea of the masculine hero who is able to subdue the forces that create problems in the lives of his community. The fact that such heroes are more often than not, men, goes a long way to prove this point. Even in the recently released movie Django Unchained, which seeks to reinvent the genre of the Western, the hero remained a man while the lead female character was a largely passive presence. The masculine hero is then seen as a symbol or crystallization of American manhood. One of the interesting features of the book is the fact that Hawkeye does not appear to be an intensely racist character. On one occasion, he actually says, There is reason in an Indian, though nature has made him with a red skin!’†¦. ‘I am no scholar, and I care not who knows it; but, judging from what I have seen, at deer chases and squirrel hunts, of the sparks below, I should think a rifle in the hands of their grandfathers was not so dangerous as a hickory bow and a good flint-head might be, if drawn with Indian judgment, and sent by an Indian eye. (Cooper 49) However, this sense of tolerance is often offset by the race pride and sense of superiority that he displays at various points in the novel. One such instance is given below. I am not a prejudiced man, nor one who vaunts himself on his natural privileges, though the worst enemy I have on earth, and he is an Iroquois, daren’t deny that I am genuine white. (Cooper 49) The hero of the Western too was in many cases white and held racist notions of white superiority. Such notions were then used in order to justify his actions that were meant for the progress of a society that was largely white. Many of these movies were also set in pre-Civil War scenes. The hero of Mr. Smith goes to Washington, on the other hand is a person who is closer to the model of Everyman. He is a part of the American

Religion in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Religion in Society - Essay Example Religion in effect, gives these like minded people a place where they can meet and exchange ideas freely. Although their intention is based on sound principles, the problem is that religion, just like any clique in school or lifestyle trend in the real world, tends to encourage a sense of â€Å"group in, group out† among its members (Libby Anne â€Å"In Group, Out Group†).. Religion tends to encourage that their members mingle amongst each other and disallow influences outside of the church into their lives. It is through this controlling aspect that religion manages to control their members. It is also this sense of belonging and safety among like minded people, who seemingly get hypnotized into believing the same things without question just because â€Å"God said so†, that has turned sect and religious membership into a group phenomenon (Stewart, Joyce â€Å"What the Phenomenon of a Small Group Says About the Vitality of the Local Church†). ... William â€Å"Church-Sect Theory†). This theory as advocated by Weber is the basis of all other church-sect theories that were later developed by the likes of Ernst Troeltsch. If one should ask people who have a strong religious belief how they became highly religious, that person will get either one of two answers. Either they were born into the religion and blindly raised on the principles so they simply continued on with the tradition because they know nothing else, or, the person being spoken to will claim to have had a religious awakening while they were at a very trying point in their lives. The first reason, indoctrination by birth, is the process by which one becomes religious in a church setting. The other, becoming religious due to a traumatic event in life, is the process by which sects agrresively recruit their members (â€Å"The Two Ways to Become Religious: Rise or Fall†). Of the two methods, it is the latter that preys on unsuspecting people who are looki ng for someone to cling to or blame in life for their misfortunes. While the prior has the person indoctrinated from birth because he was exposed to nothing else and has been raised in a community of like minded people. This community has in effect removed his ability to think and decide for himself because of his need for acceptance within the church community, thus making him a religious person in the monkey see - monkey do sense of things. The reason that is religious conflict is the same reason that there is constant war and strife in our world. Religious conflict is brought about because of the differing set of ideas that various churches and sects base their beliefs upon. Since their members oftentimes become highly passionate about their religious causes, this brings forth a time

History of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

History of Philosophy Essay Refer to next paragraph. On the 11th of March, 2002, fire struck a girls school in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Firemen and concerned citizens were quickly on the scene. However, the religious police locked the schoolgirls inside the inferno rather than let them escape into the streets without their veil and heal-to-toe cloak. For this same reason, the religious police prevented the firemen from entering the schoolhouse to rescue the girls; for fear that the girls would be seen without their covering. Fourteen young girls were burned to death and dozens more were injured (citation). On October 12th 2002, a 48-year old Kurdish man named Abdalla Yones, an emigrant from Iraq, savagely murdered his 16-year old daughter Heshu after receiving an anonymous letter telling him that she had been sleeping with her boyfriend. (Asthana Mistry). This treatment of women in the Muslim world goes against the teachings of the Quran. This isn’t the real assignment. Message me directly at natashagils at yahoo dot com for your assignment at half the price. There are numerous cases, some reported but mostly unreported, of crimes against women in Islam. Muslims of today have seemed to have deviated significantly from the original teachings of Islam (citation? ). Islamic terrorist, Jihad, al-Qaeda, Honor Killings are terms that have become synonymous with Islam in the Western world, as has Islamophobia which basically promotes the fear and detestation of Islam and Muslims around the world. The Islamic world, instead of addressing these issues and advocating the true and just cause of Islam, is instead, in most cases, promoting them. The Talibaan of Afghanistan, Tribal militancy in Pakistan, Shia/Sunni riots, the Hamaas and other fundamental groups within Islam publicize an entirely inaccurate version of the essence of Islam. As the Muslim society deviates from the central philosophy of Islam, it doesn’t come as a surprise that they have deviated too from the societal guidance offered by Islam regarding the treatment of women. The Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims, and the Sunnah (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) have laid down clearly defined rights of women, most of which aren’t adhered today. Islam was revealed to Prophet Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula when it was rife with inhumane injustice against women. Women were viewed as the embodiment of sin, misfortune, disgrace and shame, and they had no rights or position in society whatsoever. Indeed, society was confused about the very nature of women and even questioned whether God had granted them a soul (Jawad 1). Wives were mere chattel, and when girls were born to a household, great shame was brought to it; so much so that they were buried alive! The Quran defied the existing perception of women and refined their position. It outlawed female infanticide and restored their birth rights . Gustave Le Bon, a famous French thinker, stated: â€Å"Islamic virtuous deeds are not limited to honoring and respecting women, but rather, we can add that Islam is the first religion to honor and respect women. We can easily prove this by illustrating that all religions and nations, prior to the advent of Islam, caused much harm and insult to women. † (Bon 488). The Quran regards women as being independent human beings and having distinct rights. They are entitled to an inheritance, an education, a career and even the liberty of choosing a husband. Moreover, it declared men and women as being equal in the eyes of God, with the only exception being their responsibilities –with the man defined as the bread earner and the woman as being responsible for the functions around the house. According to the Quran, O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will, and should not treat them with harshness (Holy Quran, Surah An-Nisa 4:19) The Prophet Muhammad, in this context, is said to have said, ‘All people are equal, as equal as the teeth of a comb. There is no claim of merit of an Arab over a non-Arab, or of a white over a black person, or of a male over a female. Only God fearing people merit a preference with God’. Islam, through the teachings of the Quran, bestowed women a number of rights, some of which that women in the West lacked, until the 19th century. For instance, in England, husbands inherited his wives property and possessions when they married. This unfair tradition continued till as late as 1882 (citation? ). Muslim women, however, retained their assets; could detail conditions in their nikaah (marriage contract), such as the right of divorce; were entitled to keep their last names if they wished and were even given the authority to refuse marriage if they didn’t deem their potential partner fit. The Quran laid down these injunctions in 610 A. D. (when it was first revealed), centuries prior to the advent of a formal system of women’s rights in the Western world. Some of the fundamental rights the Quran gives women are: 1. Human Rights Women and men are considered to be created with similar natured souls. They are considered equal to men in all spheres of life. And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women. (Holy Quran, 2:226) And O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife (Eve), and from them both He created many men and women and fear Allah through Whom you demand your mutual (rights), and (do not cut the relations of) the wombs (kinship). Surely, Allah is Ever and All-Watcher over you. (Holy Quran, Surah Al-Nisa 4:1). 2. Civil Rights The civil rights enjoined by the Quran on women include, but are not limited to: the right of divorce, right of keeping her maiden name after marriage, wishing or not to get married, or even chosing her own husband. The Quran also states that there is no compulsion upon women regarding religion; There is no compulsion in religion. Verily, the Right Path has become distinct from the wrong path. Whoever disbelieves in Taghut [anything worshipped other then the Real God (Allah)] and believes in Allah, then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never break. And Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower. (Holy Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256). 3. Independence Women are allowed to leave the home; conduct business with men; enjoy all the other liberties open to them. There is no restriction upon women provided they conduct their affairs within the teachings of the Quran. Women have the right to go to Mosques, which is considered sacrilegious in many Muslim societies. Not only that, but women have also the right to be Muslim pastors. Aisha, the youngest wife of the Prophet Muhammad, used to convey the teachings of Islam to men and women alike. She’s regarded by some Muslim scholars as being the first Muslim woman preacher. The Quran is very clear in its laws regarding women. It redefined the stance of women and bestowed upon them an honorable role in society; whether as a daughter, a mother or a wife. Men are instructed in their fair and kind dealing towards women. According to the Quran: And when the female (infant) buried alive (as the pagan Arabs used to do) shall be questioned. For what sin she was killed? † (Holy Quran, Surah At-Takwir 81:8-9). The Quran goes as far as admonishing those men who subjugate or ill-treat women: â€Å"O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will. Nor should you treat them with harshness, that you may take away part of the dowry you have given them except when they have become guilty of open lewdness. On the contrary live with them on a footing of kindness and equity. If you take a dislike to them, it may be that you dislike something and God will bring about through it a great deal of good†. (Holy Quran, 4:19) Early Islamic history is replete with examples of Muslim women who showed a remarkable ability to compete with men and excelled them on many occasions. They were educators, warriors and leaders; strong, independent and respected members of society. Unfortunately, that isn’t the case in most of the Muslim world today. Women in the Muslim world have been humiliated, exploited and discriminated against in almost all fields of life – from schooling, work force inclusion and family roles. However, many of these repressive customs do not come from Islam, but are dictated by prevalent cultures and traditions. Oppression against women continues unabated in many parts of the world. Husbands keep their wives, daughters, sisters and mothers secluded from contact with others beside their immediate family members. Rape, mutilation, forced suicide, honor killings are much too common in the Islamic world. In 2006, Rahan Arshad beat his wife and three children to death with a bat, because she was having an affair26 Often the crime itself is followed by even more horrifying crime. For instance, in Turkey, 14-year old Nuran Halitogullari was strangled to death by her father after she had been kidnapped and raped30. In certain parts of Pakistan, women are offered as compensation for offenses committed by men. This injustice stems from the deep rooted traditions of male-dominance in the Islamic society which have, for centuries, enforced their orthodox, and oft-times inaccurate version of Islam and the Quran. Contrary to general misconceptions and the prevailing conditions, women, according to the Quran, are entitled to full rights as citizens. Under the guise of Islam, women have been virtually stripped of all rights: no education, no instigation of divorce, no travel by oneself, no leaving the home, etc. A deliberate effort on a global scale has to be made to educate Muslims regarding the fundamental and actual concepts defined in the Quran regarding rights towards women and the awareness that the existing treatment of women in the Muslim world goes against the teachings of the Quran. Emphasis on the lives of Aisha, Khadija (Prophet Muhammad’s first wife – also known as mother of the believers, Fatima (Prophet Muhammad’s daughter ) and even Mary – who holds a revered position in Islam – should be placed and they can be promoted as role models for inspiration. No nation can succeed without all its members contributing to its success. Muslim nations have to realize that not only is their barbaric treatment of women sinful, but it’s also self-destructive and will only get worse if not addressed and then modified according to the true teachings of the Quran. Treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers. (Ismail 83). ? Works Cited Asthana, A. and Mistry. U. For Families that Fear Dishonor, There is Only One Remedy†¦ Murder. The Observer, 5 October, 2003. Bon, Gustave Le. The Arab Civilization. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1884. Ismail, Imam Vehbi. Muhammad, the Last Prophet: The Last Prophet. Jordan: Amana